PLTW MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS EXAMS SCRIPT
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔Single gene - dominant disorder - ✔✔disorder that is controlled by the inheritance of
a single gene, must have at least 1 dominant allele
✔✔multifactorial disorders - ✔✔conditions caused by interactions among one or more
genes and the environment
✔✔chromosomal disorders - ✔✔disorders caused by structural changes to a
chromosome or deficiencies of entire genes located on chromosomes
✔✔Mitochondrial disorders - ✔✔caused by mutations in non-chromosomal DNA which
is passed from mother to child (LHON)
✔✔Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - ✔✔In assisted reproductive technology,
the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the
uterus
✔✔fetal testing - ✔✔Used to determine the possibility of a genetic disorder by taking a
sample of fetal cells.
✔✔what are the ethical concerns of PDG and Fetal testing - ✔✔throwing away life or
trying to have the best child possible. In the future could lead to "designer babies"
✔✔How do genetic counselors use pedigrees? - ✔✔show the history of the trait in the
parents family and why they have what they have
✔✔why is there apprehensiveness to genetic testing? - ✔✔might not want to know what
you may have in the future such as Alzheimer's
✔✔what are the duties of genetic counselors - ✔✔Analyze patient histories.
Provide genetic testing.
Perform genetic risk calculations.
Educate families about potential health risks.
Help patients to cope with a diagnosis
✔✔What is amniocentesis? - ✔✔the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle
inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
✔✔what is CVS (chorionic villus sampling) - ✔✔sampling of placenta to screen for
abnormalities in a fetus
✔✔What is a karotype? - ✔✔map of chromosomes; shows the sex and defects
, ✔✔How are karyotypes used in prenatal health - ✔✔show sex of the baby and any
chromosomal disorders
✔✔What is an ultrasound in pregnancy - ✔✔a test that uses sound waves to make a
video image of an unborn baby
✔✔What is an ultrasound? - ✔✔medical test to show images from inside your body
✔✔What is gene therapy? - ✔✔the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of
missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
✔✔What is gene therapy used for? - ✔✔Replace/Repair defected gene that is causing
disease
Provide new or changed function to a cell
✔✔what are the advantages of using vectors in gene therapy? - ✔✔deliver new gene by
infecting cells without causing any real disease.
✔✔what are the disadvantages of using vectors in gene therapy? - ✔✔Can cause
immune responses
✔✔what factors must be considered when choosing a vector for gene therapy? -
✔✔How many base pairs it can hold and which cells it will integrate to
✔✔What is PGD? - ✔✔When a healthy embryo is selected from a group of embryos,
and then implanted into a uterus.
✔✔What is IVF (in vitro fertilization)? - ✔✔Procedure where oocytes are harvested and
fertilization occurs outside the female body in a lab
✔✔What is cloning? - ✔✔When an organism that is genetically identical to the organism
from which it was produced.
✔✔what are the parts of the ear? - ✔✔outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
✔✔what part of bacteria helps is stick to surfaces? - ✔✔pilus
✔✔what part of bacteria helps it move? - ✔✔flagella
✔✔what controls the cells activities? - ✔✔cell membrane
✔✔what is the function of the ribosomes? - ✔✔make proteins
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔Single gene - dominant disorder - ✔✔disorder that is controlled by the inheritance of
a single gene, must have at least 1 dominant allele
✔✔multifactorial disorders - ✔✔conditions caused by interactions among one or more
genes and the environment
✔✔chromosomal disorders - ✔✔disorders caused by structural changes to a
chromosome or deficiencies of entire genes located on chromosomes
✔✔Mitochondrial disorders - ✔✔caused by mutations in non-chromosomal DNA which
is passed from mother to child (LHON)
✔✔Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - ✔✔In assisted reproductive technology,
the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the
uterus
✔✔fetal testing - ✔✔Used to determine the possibility of a genetic disorder by taking a
sample of fetal cells.
✔✔what are the ethical concerns of PDG and Fetal testing - ✔✔throwing away life or
trying to have the best child possible. In the future could lead to "designer babies"
✔✔How do genetic counselors use pedigrees? - ✔✔show the history of the trait in the
parents family and why they have what they have
✔✔why is there apprehensiveness to genetic testing? - ✔✔might not want to know what
you may have in the future such as Alzheimer's
✔✔what are the duties of genetic counselors - ✔✔Analyze patient histories.
Provide genetic testing.
Perform genetic risk calculations.
Educate families about potential health risks.
Help patients to cope with a diagnosis
✔✔What is amniocentesis? - ✔✔the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle
inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
✔✔what is CVS (chorionic villus sampling) - ✔✔sampling of placenta to screen for
abnormalities in a fetus
✔✔What is a karotype? - ✔✔map of chromosomes; shows the sex and defects
, ✔✔How are karyotypes used in prenatal health - ✔✔show sex of the baby and any
chromosomal disorders
✔✔What is an ultrasound in pregnancy - ✔✔a test that uses sound waves to make a
video image of an unborn baby
✔✔What is an ultrasound? - ✔✔medical test to show images from inside your body
✔✔What is gene therapy? - ✔✔the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of
missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
✔✔What is gene therapy used for? - ✔✔Replace/Repair defected gene that is causing
disease
Provide new or changed function to a cell
✔✔what are the advantages of using vectors in gene therapy? - ✔✔deliver new gene by
infecting cells without causing any real disease.
✔✔what are the disadvantages of using vectors in gene therapy? - ✔✔Can cause
immune responses
✔✔what factors must be considered when choosing a vector for gene therapy? -
✔✔How many base pairs it can hold and which cells it will integrate to
✔✔What is PGD? - ✔✔When a healthy embryo is selected from a group of embryos,
and then implanted into a uterus.
✔✔What is IVF (in vitro fertilization)? - ✔✔Procedure where oocytes are harvested and
fertilization occurs outside the female body in a lab
✔✔What is cloning? - ✔✔When an organism that is genetically identical to the organism
from which it was produced.
✔✔what are the parts of the ear? - ✔✔outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
✔✔what part of bacteria helps is stick to surfaces? - ✔✔pilus
✔✔what part of bacteria helps it move? - ✔✔flagella
✔✔what controls the cells activities? - ✔✔cell membrane
✔✔what is the function of the ribosomes? - ✔✔make proteins
