NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz 1 – Walden
University – 2025-2026 Actual Questions & Verified Answers
How |are |cells |specialized? |- |answersthrough |the |process |of |differentiation |or |maturation
What |are |the |eight |specialized |cellular |functions? |- |answersmovement, |conductivity, |metabolic |
absorption, |secretion, |excretion, |respiration, |reproduction, |and |communication
What |are |the |three |general |components |of |an |eukaryotic |cell? |- |answersthe |plasma |membrane, |the |
cytoplasm, |and |the |intracellular |organelles.
What |causes |the |release |of |lysosomal |enzemes? |- |answersCellular |injury |causing |cellular |self-digestion
What |is |the |location |and |function |of |the |nucleus? |- |answersthe |largest |membrane-bound |organelle |
and |is |found |usually |in |the |cell's |center. |The |chief |functions |of |the |nucleus |are |cell |division |and |
control |of |genetic |information.
What |is |Cytoplasm? |- |answersan |aqueous |solution |(cytosol) |that |fills |the |space |between |the |nucleus |
and |the |plasma |membrane.
What |is |the |endoplasmic |reticulum |and |what |does |it |specialize |in? |- |answersa |network |of |tubular |
channels |(cisternae) |that |extend |throughout |the |outer |nuclear |membrane. |It |specializes |in |the |
synthesis |and |transport |of |protein |and |lipid |components |of |most |of |the |organelles
What |is |the |Golgi |complex |and |what |does |it |do? |- |answersa |network |of |smooth |membranes |and |
vesicles |located |near |the |nucleus. |The |Golgi |complex |is |responsible |for |processing |and |packaging |
proteins |into |secretory |vesicles
What |are |lysosomes |and |what |do |they |do? |- |answerssaclike |structures |that |originate |from |the |Golgi |
complex |and |contain |digestive |enzymes. |These |enzymes |are |responsible |for |digesting |most |cellular |
substances |to |their |basic |form, |such |as |amino |acids, |fatty |acids, |and |carbohydrates
What |are |peroxisomes? |- |answersinvolved |in |the |production |and |breakdown |of |hydrogen |peroxide
Importance |of |proteins |in |disease |- |answersThe |major |workhorses |of |the |cell, |if |misfolded |they |can |
cause |diseases
What |are |mitochondria |responsible |for? |- |answers. |Mitochondria |contain |the |metabolic |machinery |
necessary |for |cellular |energy |metabolism |(Makes |ATP).
What |is |the |cytoskeleton? |- |answersthe |"bone |and |muscle" |of |the |cell. |The |internal |skeleton |is |
composed |of |a |network |of |protein |filaments, |including |microtubules |and |actin |filaments |
(microfilaments).
What |is |the |plasma |membrane? |- |answersencloses |the |cell |and, |by |controlling |the |movement |of |
substances |across |it, |exerts |a |powerful |influence |on |metabolic |pathways
, What |is |signal |transduction? |- |answersThe |transfer |of |molecular |signals |from |the |exterior |to |the |
interior |of |a |cell. |If |not |done |apoptosis |occurs
What |is |protein |regulation |and |what |is |it |composed |of? |- |answersprotein |homeostasis |and |is |defined |
by |the |proteostasis |network. |This |network |is |composed |of |ribosomes |(makers), |chaperones |(helpers), |
and |protein |breakdown |or |proteolytic |systems. |Malfunction |of |these |systems |is |associated |with |
disease.
What |do |protein |receptors |do? |- |answerson |the |plasma |membrane, |enable |the |cell |to |interact |with |
other |cells |and |with |extracellular |substances
What |means |accomplish |cell-to-cell |adhesions? |- |answers(1) |the |extracellular |membrane, |(2) |cell |
adhesion |molecules |in |the |cell's |plasma |membrane, |and |(3) |specialized |cell |junctions.
What |makes |up |the |extracellular |matrix |and |what |does |it |do? |- |answers(1) |fibrous |structural |proteins |
(collagen |and |elastin), |(2) |adhesive |glycoproteins, |and |(3) |proteoglycans |and |hyaluronic |acid. |The |
matrix |helps |regulate |cell |growth, |movement, |and |differentiation.
How |do |cells |communicate? |- |answers(1) |they |form |protein |channels |(gap |junctions); |(2) |they |display |
receptors |that |affect |intracellular |processes |or |other |cells |in |direct |physical |contact; |and |(3) |they |use |
receptor |proteins |inside |the |target |cell.
How |is |intercellular |signaling |done? |- |answerscontact-dependent, |paracrine, |hormonal, |
neurohormonal, |and |neurotransmitter.
What |is |ATP? |- |answersAdenosine |Triphosphate |- |ENERGY |- |is |required |for |active |transport.
What |is |anabolism? |- |answersenergy-using |process |of |metabolism
What |is |catabolism? |- |answersthe |energy-releasing |process |of |metabolism
What |is |passive |transport? |- |answersThe |movement |of |materials |across |the |cell |membrane |without |
using |cellular |energy, |water |and |small |electrically |uncharged |molecules, |done |through |osmosis
What |is |oxidative |phosphorylation? |- |answersoccurs |in |the |mitochondria |and |is |the |mechanism |by |
which |the |energy |produced |from |carbohydrates, |fats, |and |proteins |is |transferred |to |ATP.
What |is |endocytosis |and |exocytosis? |- |answersEndo= |into |the |cell |(engulf). |Exo= |out |of |the |cell |
(excrete).
What |is |active |transport? |- |answersrequires |the |cell |to |expend |energy |(by |means |of |ATP) |to |move |
larger |molecules |and |molecular |complexes
What |is |pinocytosis? |- |answersthe |ingestion |of |liquid |into |a |cell |by |the |budding |of |small |vesicles |from |
the |cell |membrane. |(drinking)
How |is |endocytosis |done? |- |answerswhen |the |substance |to |be |transported |is |engulfed |by |a |segment |
of |the |plasma |membrane, |forming |a |vesicle |that |moves |into |the |cell.
What |is |phagocytosis? |- |answersthe |ingestion |of |bacteria |or |other |material |by |phagocytes |and |
amoeboid |protozoans. |(eating)
University – 2025-2026 Actual Questions & Verified Answers
How |are |cells |specialized? |- |answersthrough |the |process |of |differentiation |or |maturation
What |are |the |eight |specialized |cellular |functions? |- |answersmovement, |conductivity, |metabolic |
absorption, |secretion, |excretion, |respiration, |reproduction, |and |communication
What |are |the |three |general |components |of |an |eukaryotic |cell? |- |answersthe |plasma |membrane, |the |
cytoplasm, |and |the |intracellular |organelles.
What |causes |the |release |of |lysosomal |enzemes? |- |answersCellular |injury |causing |cellular |self-digestion
What |is |the |location |and |function |of |the |nucleus? |- |answersthe |largest |membrane-bound |organelle |
and |is |found |usually |in |the |cell's |center. |The |chief |functions |of |the |nucleus |are |cell |division |and |
control |of |genetic |information.
What |is |Cytoplasm? |- |answersan |aqueous |solution |(cytosol) |that |fills |the |space |between |the |nucleus |
and |the |plasma |membrane.
What |is |the |endoplasmic |reticulum |and |what |does |it |specialize |in? |- |answersa |network |of |tubular |
channels |(cisternae) |that |extend |throughout |the |outer |nuclear |membrane. |It |specializes |in |the |
synthesis |and |transport |of |protein |and |lipid |components |of |most |of |the |organelles
What |is |the |Golgi |complex |and |what |does |it |do? |- |answersa |network |of |smooth |membranes |and |
vesicles |located |near |the |nucleus. |The |Golgi |complex |is |responsible |for |processing |and |packaging |
proteins |into |secretory |vesicles
What |are |lysosomes |and |what |do |they |do? |- |answerssaclike |structures |that |originate |from |the |Golgi |
complex |and |contain |digestive |enzymes. |These |enzymes |are |responsible |for |digesting |most |cellular |
substances |to |their |basic |form, |such |as |amino |acids, |fatty |acids, |and |carbohydrates
What |are |peroxisomes? |- |answersinvolved |in |the |production |and |breakdown |of |hydrogen |peroxide
Importance |of |proteins |in |disease |- |answersThe |major |workhorses |of |the |cell, |if |misfolded |they |can |
cause |diseases
What |are |mitochondria |responsible |for? |- |answers. |Mitochondria |contain |the |metabolic |machinery |
necessary |for |cellular |energy |metabolism |(Makes |ATP).
What |is |the |cytoskeleton? |- |answersthe |"bone |and |muscle" |of |the |cell. |The |internal |skeleton |is |
composed |of |a |network |of |protein |filaments, |including |microtubules |and |actin |filaments |
(microfilaments).
What |is |the |plasma |membrane? |- |answersencloses |the |cell |and, |by |controlling |the |movement |of |
substances |across |it, |exerts |a |powerful |influence |on |metabolic |pathways
, What |is |signal |transduction? |- |answersThe |transfer |of |molecular |signals |from |the |exterior |to |the |
interior |of |a |cell. |If |not |done |apoptosis |occurs
What |is |protein |regulation |and |what |is |it |composed |of? |- |answersprotein |homeostasis |and |is |defined |
by |the |proteostasis |network. |This |network |is |composed |of |ribosomes |(makers), |chaperones |(helpers), |
and |protein |breakdown |or |proteolytic |systems. |Malfunction |of |these |systems |is |associated |with |
disease.
What |do |protein |receptors |do? |- |answerson |the |plasma |membrane, |enable |the |cell |to |interact |with |
other |cells |and |with |extracellular |substances
What |means |accomplish |cell-to-cell |adhesions? |- |answers(1) |the |extracellular |membrane, |(2) |cell |
adhesion |molecules |in |the |cell's |plasma |membrane, |and |(3) |specialized |cell |junctions.
What |makes |up |the |extracellular |matrix |and |what |does |it |do? |- |answers(1) |fibrous |structural |proteins |
(collagen |and |elastin), |(2) |adhesive |glycoproteins, |and |(3) |proteoglycans |and |hyaluronic |acid. |The |
matrix |helps |regulate |cell |growth, |movement, |and |differentiation.
How |do |cells |communicate? |- |answers(1) |they |form |protein |channels |(gap |junctions); |(2) |they |display |
receptors |that |affect |intracellular |processes |or |other |cells |in |direct |physical |contact; |and |(3) |they |use |
receptor |proteins |inside |the |target |cell.
How |is |intercellular |signaling |done? |- |answerscontact-dependent, |paracrine, |hormonal, |
neurohormonal, |and |neurotransmitter.
What |is |ATP? |- |answersAdenosine |Triphosphate |- |ENERGY |- |is |required |for |active |transport.
What |is |anabolism? |- |answersenergy-using |process |of |metabolism
What |is |catabolism? |- |answersthe |energy-releasing |process |of |metabolism
What |is |passive |transport? |- |answersThe |movement |of |materials |across |the |cell |membrane |without |
using |cellular |energy, |water |and |small |electrically |uncharged |molecules, |done |through |osmosis
What |is |oxidative |phosphorylation? |- |answersoccurs |in |the |mitochondria |and |is |the |mechanism |by |
which |the |energy |produced |from |carbohydrates, |fats, |and |proteins |is |transferred |to |ATP.
What |is |endocytosis |and |exocytosis? |- |answersEndo= |into |the |cell |(engulf). |Exo= |out |of |the |cell |
(excrete).
What |is |active |transport? |- |answersrequires |the |cell |to |expend |energy |(by |means |of |ATP) |to |move |
larger |molecules |and |molecular |complexes
What |is |pinocytosis? |- |answersthe |ingestion |of |liquid |into |a |cell |by |the |budding |of |small |vesicles |from |
the |cell |membrane. |(drinking)
How |is |endocytosis |done? |- |answerswhen |the |substance |to |be |transported |is |engulfed |by |a |segment |
of |the |plasma |membrane, |forming |a |vesicle |that |moves |into |the |cell.
What |is |phagocytosis? |- |answersthe |ingestion |of |bacteria |or |other |material |by |phagocytes |and |
amoeboid |protozoans. |(eating)
