EXP3604 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Deductive reasoning - -you begin with some specific premises that are true,
and you need to judge whether those premises allow you to draw a particular
conclusion, based on the principles of logic
- Conditional reasoning task (Propositional reasoning task) - -describes the
relationship between conditions. Here's a typical conditional reasoning task:
If a child is allergic to peanuts, then eating peanuts produces a breathing
problem. A child has a breathing problem. Therefore, this child has eaten
peanuts.
- Syllogism - -consists of two statements that we must assume to be true,
plus a conclusion. Syllogisms refer to quantities, so they use the words all,
none, some, and other similar terms. Here's a typical syllogism: Some
psychology majors are friendly people. Some friendly people are concerned
about poverty. Therefore, some psychology majors are concerned about
poverty.
- Propositional calculus - -which is a system for categorizing the four kinds
of reasoning used in analyzing propositions or statements.
- Propositions - -statements
- antecedent - -refers to the first proposition or statement; the antecedent
is contained in the "if..." part of the sentence.
- Consequent - -refers to the proposition that comes second; it is the
consequence. The consequent is contained in the "then..." part of the
sentence.
- Affirming the antecedent - -it means that you say that the "if..." part of the
sentence is true. As shown in the upper-left corner of Table 12.1, this kind of
reasoning leads to a valid, or correct, conclusion.
- Affirming the consequent - -means that you say that the "then..." part of
the sentence is true. This kind of reasoning leads to an invalid conclusion.
- Denying the Antecedent - -means that you say that the"if..."part of the
sentence is false. Denying the antecedent also leads to an invalid conclusion
- Denying the consequent - -means that you say that the "then..." part of
the sentence is false.
, - Dual-process theory - -which distinguishes between two types of cognitive
processing
- type 1 processing - -is fast and automatic; it requires little conscious
attention. For example, we use Type 1 processing during depth perception,
recognition of facial expression, and automatic stereotyping
- type 2 processing - -is relatively slow and controlled. It requires focused
attention, and it is typically more accurate.For example, we use Type 2
processing when we think of exceptions to a general rule, when we realize
that we made a stereotyped response, and when we acknowledge that our
Type 1 response may have been incorrect.
- Belief Bias effect - -occurs in reasoning when people make judgments
based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than on the rules of
logic. In general, people make errors when the logic of a reasoning problem
conflicts with their background knowledge
- Confirmation Bias - -they would rather try to conform or support a
hypothesis than try to disprove it
- Differentiate between conditional reasoning and syllogism. Think of
examples for each - -conditional reasoning is an if then statement while a
syllogism is a statement with words such as "all, none or some"
- "if I study for my exam, then I will get a good grade." Which type of
deductive reasoning is this?
Identify the antecedent and the consequent. - -conditional reasoning
if I study for my exam- antecedent
then i will get a good grade- consequent
- "He is a golden retriever, therefore he is a dog." Try to create a
propositional calculus for the
previous statement where you: affirm the antecedent, affirm the consequent,
deny the
antecedent, and deny the consequent. Think about which are valid and
which are invalid. - -Affirm the antecedent: This is a golden retriever;
therefore this is a dog
Affirm the consequent: This is a dog; therefore this is not a golden retriever
Deny the antecedent: This is not a golden retriever; therefore this is not a
dog
Deny the consequent: This is not a dog; therefore this is not a golden
retriever
ANSWERS
Deductive reasoning - -you begin with some specific premises that are true,
and you need to judge whether those premises allow you to draw a particular
conclusion, based on the principles of logic
- Conditional reasoning task (Propositional reasoning task) - -describes the
relationship between conditions. Here's a typical conditional reasoning task:
If a child is allergic to peanuts, then eating peanuts produces a breathing
problem. A child has a breathing problem. Therefore, this child has eaten
peanuts.
- Syllogism - -consists of two statements that we must assume to be true,
plus a conclusion. Syllogisms refer to quantities, so they use the words all,
none, some, and other similar terms. Here's a typical syllogism: Some
psychology majors are friendly people. Some friendly people are concerned
about poverty. Therefore, some psychology majors are concerned about
poverty.
- Propositional calculus - -which is a system for categorizing the four kinds
of reasoning used in analyzing propositions or statements.
- Propositions - -statements
- antecedent - -refers to the first proposition or statement; the antecedent
is contained in the "if..." part of the sentence.
- Consequent - -refers to the proposition that comes second; it is the
consequence. The consequent is contained in the "then..." part of the
sentence.
- Affirming the antecedent - -it means that you say that the "if..." part of the
sentence is true. As shown in the upper-left corner of Table 12.1, this kind of
reasoning leads to a valid, or correct, conclusion.
- Affirming the consequent - -means that you say that the "then..." part of
the sentence is true. This kind of reasoning leads to an invalid conclusion.
- Denying the Antecedent - -means that you say that the"if..."part of the
sentence is false. Denying the antecedent also leads to an invalid conclusion
- Denying the consequent - -means that you say that the "then..." part of
the sentence is false.
, - Dual-process theory - -which distinguishes between two types of cognitive
processing
- type 1 processing - -is fast and automatic; it requires little conscious
attention. For example, we use Type 1 processing during depth perception,
recognition of facial expression, and automatic stereotyping
- type 2 processing - -is relatively slow and controlled. It requires focused
attention, and it is typically more accurate.For example, we use Type 2
processing when we think of exceptions to a general rule, when we realize
that we made a stereotyped response, and when we acknowledge that our
Type 1 response may have been incorrect.
- Belief Bias effect - -occurs in reasoning when people make judgments
based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than on the rules of
logic. In general, people make errors when the logic of a reasoning problem
conflicts with their background knowledge
- Confirmation Bias - -they would rather try to conform or support a
hypothesis than try to disprove it
- Differentiate between conditional reasoning and syllogism. Think of
examples for each - -conditional reasoning is an if then statement while a
syllogism is a statement with words such as "all, none or some"
- "if I study for my exam, then I will get a good grade." Which type of
deductive reasoning is this?
Identify the antecedent and the consequent. - -conditional reasoning
if I study for my exam- antecedent
then i will get a good grade- consequent
- "He is a golden retriever, therefore he is a dog." Try to create a
propositional calculus for the
previous statement where you: affirm the antecedent, affirm the consequent,
deny the
antecedent, and deny the consequent. Think about which are valid and
which are invalid. - -Affirm the antecedent: This is a golden retriever;
therefore this is a dog
Affirm the consequent: This is a dog; therefore this is not a golden retriever
Deny the antecedent: This is not a golden retriever; therefore this is not a
dog
Deny the consequent: This is not a dog; therefore this is not a golden
retriever
