MICR 290 Final Exam – Questions With Correct
Solutions
Structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (differences) Correct
Answer - Prokaryotes:
-no nucleus/membrane bound organelles
-small/simple
-categories: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes:
-have nucleus/membrane bound organelles
-large/complex
-Single-celled or multi-celled
-categories: algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
Gram + and Gram - cell walls (differences) Correct Answer -
Gram + :
-thick/multilayered layer of peptidoglycan
-no outer membrane
-polyalcohols (teiochoic acids)
-dark purple (crystal violet) stain
Gram - :
-thin/single layer of peptidoglycan
-outer membrane of phospholipids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides
-treatment of disease (resistant to many antibodies)
-pink/red stain
Structure of viruses Correct Answer - -Minuscule (nanometer
size)
-Acellular; either having DNA or RNA
,-No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol or organelles except:
--> non-enveloped (naked capsid viruses, intracellular, virus in form
of nucleic acid)
--> enveloped (extracellular, lipid bi-layer and glycoproteins, virus
in form of RNA)
Recombinant DNA technology (What is it, 3 goals, tools?) Correct
Answer - -Intentionally modifying genomes of organisms for
practical purposes
3 goals:
-Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits
-Combine beneficial traits of 2 or more organisms
-Create organisms that synthesize products humans need
Tools:
-Mutagens (physical and chemical agents that produce mutations)
-Use of reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA (isolated from
retroviruses)
-Synthetic nucleic acids (molecules of DNA and RNA produced in
cell-free solutions)
-Restriction enzymes (bacterial enzymes that cut DNA molecules
only at restriction sites)
-Vectors (nucleic acid molecules that deliver a gene into a cell ex:
viral genomes, transposons and plasmids)
-Gene libraries (collection of bacterial or phage clones)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (what is it, importance, steps?)
Correct Answer - -Large # of identical molecules of DNA
produced in vitro
-Critical to amplify DNA in variety of situations
, -Steps: denaturation, priming, extension (repeat)
Microbial control terms:
-Antisepsis:
-Aseptic:
-cide/-cidal:
-Degerming:
-Disinfection:
-Pasteurization:
-Sanitization:
-stasis/-static:
-Sterilization: Correct Answer - -Antisepsis: reduction in
number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential
pathogens, on living tissue
(ex: iodine, alcohol)
-Aseptic: Environment or procedure free of pathogenic
contaminants
(ex: hand washing, flame sterilization of lab equiptment)
-cide/-cidal: Destruction of a type of microbe
(ex: bactericide, fungicide)
-Degerming: Removal of microbes by mechanical means
(ex: hand washing, alcohol swabbing at site of injection)
-Disinfection: Destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on
nonliving tissue (phenolics, alcohols, soaps)
-Pasteurization: Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce # of
spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages
(ex: pasteurized milk and juices)
Solutions
Structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (differences) Correct
Answer - Prokaryotes:
-no nucleus/membrane bound organelles
-small/simple
-categories: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes:
-have nucleus/membrane bound organelles
-large/complex
-Single-celled or multi-celled
-categories: algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
Gram + and Gram - cell walls (differences) Correct Answer -
Gram + :
-thick/multilayered layer of peptidoglycan
-no outer membrane
-polyalcohols (teiochoic acids)
-dark purple (crystal violet) stain
Gram - :
-thin/single layer of peptidoglycan
-outer membrane of phospholipids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides
-treatment of disease (resistant to many antibodies)
-pink/red stain
Structure of viruses Correct Answer - -Minuscule (nanometer
size)
-Acellular; either having DNA or RNA
,-No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol or organelles except:
--> non-enveloped (naked capsid viruses, intracellular, virus in form
of nucleic acid)
--> enveloped (extracellular, lipid bi-layer and glycoproteins, virus
in form of RNA)
Recombinant DNA technology (What is it, 3 goals, tools?) Correct
Answer - -Intentionally modifying genomes of organisms for
practical purposes
3 goals:
-Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits
-Combine beneficial traits of 2 or more organisms
-Create organisms that synthesize products humans need
Tools:
-Mutagens (physical and chemical agents that produce mutations)
-Use of reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA (isolated from
retroviruses)
-Synthetic nucleic acids (molecules of DNA and RNA produced in
cell-free solutions)
-Restriction enzymes (bacterial enzymes that cut DNA molecules
only at restriction sites)
-Vectors (nucleic acid molecules that deliver a gene into a cell ex:
viral genomes, transposons and plasmids)
-Gene libraries (collection of bacterial or phage clones)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (what is it, importance, steps?)
Correct Answer - -Large # of identical molecules of DNA
produced in vitro
-Critical to amplify DNA in variety of situations
, -Steps: denaturation, priming, extension (repeat)
Microbial control terms:
-Antisepsis:
-Aseptic:
-cide/-cidal:
-Degerming:
-Disinfection:
-Pasteurization:
-Sanitization:
-stasis/-static:
-Sterilization: Correct Answer - -Antisepsis: reduction in
number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential
pathogens, on living tissue
(ex: iodine, alcohol)
-Aseptic: Environment or procedure free of pathogenic
contaminants
(ex: hand washing, flame sterilization of lab equiptment)
-cide/-cidal: Destruction of a type of microbe
(ex: bactericide, fungicide)
-Degerming: Removal of microbes by mechanical means
(ex: hand washing, alcohol swabbing at site of injection)
-Disinfection: Destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on
nonliving tissue (phenolics, alcohols, soaps)
-Pasteurization: Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce # of
spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages
(ex: pasteurized milk and juices)
