inference that a memory has been es-
tablished requires that the subject in the
experiment have a particular experience
What is the basic paradigm used in all and then be tested with some compo-
studies of learning and memory? nent of that experience; if the experience
influences the behavioral test, then one
might infer that a memory has been es-
tablished
test behavior- where the observable be-
What is the window to the memory havioral change leads to the window to
trace? the memory trace which indicates an in-
ferred memory trace
-sensory, attentional, perceptual, motiva-
What are some of the many differ- tional, emotional, motor, memory
ent component processes that make up -in order to conclude that a manipulation
measurable behavior? How do they af- influenced memory, need to be sure it
fect the study of memory? did not influence another component that
influences behavior
-damage a particular region of the brain
-inject drugs into the brain that are de-
What are some of the methods neurobi- signed to influence some aspect of neur-
ologists use to influence brain function? al function
-modify the DNA to increase or decrease
the expression of some molecule
must be able to show that the brain ma-
nipulation in their experiment influenced
Describe the learning-performance dis- behavior by selectively influencing the
tinction. unobservable memory component and
not by affecting some other component
process
-STM trace --> active state --> rapid de-
Describe how short-term memory traces
cay/vulnerable to disruption
are different from long-term memory
-LTM trace --> inactive state --> slow de-
traces.
cay/less vulnerable to disruption
-consolidation- explains the observation
that newly formed memories are more
easily disrupted compared to older ones
, -consolidation processes- processes
Explain the concept of memory consoli-
that stabilize the memory
dation. What are consolidation process-
-consolidation period- time it takes to
es? What is the consolidation period?
achieve this outcome
-it was used to treat severe psychiatric
How was electroconvulsive shock used disorders
in the past? How is it used in the study -found that patients who received ECS
of memory? had impaired memories; then used to ex-
perimentally study memory
-storage failure- the memory was never
stored (the amnesia is permanent)
Differentiate between storage failure and
-retrieval failure- the memory is stored,
retrieval failure.
but cannot be retrieved (the amnesia is
temporary)
What is an example of time limited retro-
-forgetting if you own a car
grade amnesia? Does it effect short term
-affects long-term memory
or long term memory? Is it a storage or
-retrieval failure
retrieval failure?
-inhibitory avoidance conditioning (must
inhibit tendency to cross to dark side and
What are the three most prevalent be- avoid where it was shocked)
havioral test methods for studying mem- -fear conditioning (bell ringing before
ory? shock)
-Morris water-escape task- place learn-
ing version and visible platform version
Describe the inhibitory avoidance condi- -must inhibit tendency to cross to dark
tioning. What are two important attribut- side and avoid where it was shocked
es? -there are both ceiling and floor effects
-when looking at a drug that strengthens
a memory trace, be worried about the
ceiling effect and begin with a low inten-
When should you worry about the ceiling sity shock
effect vs the floor effect? -when looking at a drug that weakens a
memory trace, be worried about the floor
effect and begin with a higher intensity
shock
Describe fear conditioning. What are
three advantages of this method?
tablished requires that the subject in the
experiment have a particular experience
What is the basic paradigm used in all and then be tested with some compo-
studies of learning and memory? nent of that experience; if the experience
influences the behavioral test, then one
might infer that a memory has been es-
tablished
test behavior- where the observable be-
What is the window to the memory havioral change leads to the window to
trace? the memory trace which indicates an in-
ferred memory trace
-sensory, attentional, perceptual, motiva-
What are some of the many differ- tional, emotional, motor, memory
ent component processes that make up -in order to conclude that a manipulation
measurable behavior? How do they af- influenced memory, need to be sure it
fect the study of memory? did not influence another component that
influences behavior
-damage a particular region of the brain
-inject drugs into the brain that are de-
What are some of the methods neurobi- signed to influence some aspect of neur-
ologists use to influence brain function? al function
-modify the DNA to increase or decrease
the expression of some molecule
must be able to show that the brain ma-
nipulation in their experiment influenced
Describe the learning-performance dis- behavior by selectively influencing the
tinction. unobservable memory component and
not by affecting some other component
process
-STM trace --> active state --> rapid de-
Describe how short-term memory traces
cay/vulnerable to disruption
are different from long-term memory
-LTM trace --> inactive state --> slow de-
traces.
cay/less vulnerable to disruption
-consolidation- explains the observation
that newly formed memories are more
easily disrupted compared to older ones
, -consolidation processes- processes
Explain the concept of memory consoli-
that stabilize the memory
dation. What are consolidation process-
-consolidation period- time it takes to
es? What is the consolidation period?
achieve this outcome
-it was used to treat severe psychiatric
How was electroconvulsive shock used disorders
in the past? How is it used in the study -found that patients who received ECS
of memory? had impaired memories; then used to ex-
perimentally study memory
-storage failure- the memory was never
stored (the amnesia is permanent)
Differentiate between storage failure and
-retrieval failure- the memory is stored,
retrieval failure.
but cannot be retrieved (the amnesia is
temporary)
What is an example of time limited retro-
-forgetting if you own a car
grade amnesia? Does it effect short term
-affects long-term memory
or long term memory? Is it a storage or
-retrieval failure
retrieval failure?
-inhibitory avoidance conditioning (must
inhibit tendency to cross to dark side and
What are the three most prevalent be- avoid where it was shocked)
havioral test methods for studying mem- -fear conditioning (bell ringing before
ory? shock)
-Morris water-escape task- place learn-
ing version and visible platform version
Describe the inhibitory avoidance condi- -must inhibit tendency to cross to dark
tioning. What are two important attribut- side and avoid where it was shocked
es? -there are both ceiling and floor effects
-when looking at a drug that strengthens
a memory trace, be worried about the
ceiling effect and begin with a low inten-
When should you worry about the ceiling sity shock
effect vs the floor effect? -when looking at a drug that weakens a
memory trace, be worried about the floor
effect and begin with a higher intensity
shock
Describe fear conditioning. What are
three advantages of this method?
