Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Exam 2025

Anatomy - -The study of the shape and structure of the body and its parts, and their relationship to each other Systemic anatomy - -The study of the body by systems. Ex. Cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, muscular. Regional anatomy - -The study of the organization of the body by area. Ex. head, abdomen, arm. Surface anatomy - -The study of external features Ex. Bony projections. Anatomical anatomy - -Use of X-ray, ultrasound, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Physiology - -The study of how the body and its parts work or function Major goals of physiology - -1. To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli. 2. To understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments. Human physiology - -Study of a specific organism, the human. Cellular physiology - -The biological study of the activities which take place in a cell to keep it alive. Systemic physiology - -The study of the function of the body's systems. What is the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology? - -The relationship between anatomy and physiology are that they will always correlate with each other anatomy being the study of the actual physical organs and their structure as well as their relationship to each other. While physiology studies how those organs work to function the whole body as organ systems. Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not know anatomy? - -Without understanding the parts and structure of the body it would be impossible to learn how those parts worked as a function to create the human being. NURSING NURSING Six structural levels - - 1. Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ systems level 6. Organism level Chemical level - -The chemical level is the most basic level of structural organization. It consists of atoms (tiny building blocks of matter) and molecules (sugar,water) which also form microscopic cells. Cell level - -Consists of cells (The smallest unit of living things). Cells vary widely in shape and size and have their own particular functions in the body. Tissue level - -Tissues consist of groups of similar cells with a common function. there are four basic tissue types, each of these tissue types perform unique but definite roles in the human body. What are the 4 tissue types? - -Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Organ level - -Consists of Organs which are structures composed of two or more tissue types to perform a simple function. At this level complex function becomes possible for example the organ small intestine is made up of all four of the tissue types to be able to digest and absorb food. Organ system level - -An Organ System is a group of organs that work together accomplish a complex function in the body. There are 11 organ systems in the human body that all work together to create the interior and exterior of the human being. Organism level - -The organismal level represents the highest level of structural organization. It is the sum total of all the organ systems working together to keep us alive. Organelle - -Small, little organ. Specialized part of a cell preforming one or more specific functions. Organism - -Any living thing Six characteristics of life - -1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth NURSING NURSING 5. Development 6. Reproduction Organization - -The study of the body organization Ex. Cellular physiology Metabolism - -A chemical reaction that occurs in cells to effect transformation, production, or consumption of energy. Ex. Plants=sunlight, Humans=food Responsiveness - -The ability to sense, monitor, and respond to changes in the external environment Growth - -A normal increase in the size and/or number of cells Development - -How anatomy changes over the life cycle. Reproduction - -The formation of a new being; also the formation of new cells in the body to permit growth, repair, and replacement Differentiation - -Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized. Homestasis - -Homeostasis is a process where by physiological systems maintain a reliable internal environment Negative-feedback - -A correction that involves an action that directly opposes the initial stimulus. Negative-feedback has three components - -1. Receptor: Picks up signal (stimulus) 2. Control Center: Defines set point, analyzes/determines response. 3. Effector: Causes incress or decrease, in activity to change initial stimulus. Receptor - -Monitors the value of a variable Ex. Body temperature Control center - -Establishes the set point around the variable is maintained Ex. The brain Effector - -Change the value of the variable Ex. Sweat glands Stimulus - -A changed variable that initiates a homeostatic mechanism NURSING Positive-feedback - -A system where the stimulus produces a response that results in greater stimulus. Terminology & The Body Plan: - - Anatomical position - -Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward. Supine - -A person laying face upward Prone - -A person lying face downward Superior - -A body part is above another part, or is closer to the head Inferior - -A body part is below anothe