Chapter 20: Cardiovascular Disorders
questions and 100% verified answers
2025/2026
congenital heart disease - Answer anatomic defects of the heart prevent normal blood flow to the
pulmonary and/or systemic system; defects are categorized by blood flow patterns in the heart
- increased pulmonary blood flow
- decreased pulmonary blood flow
- obstruction to blood flow
- mixed blood flow
increased pulmonary blood flow CHD - Answer ASD, VSD, PDA
decreased pulmonary blood flow CHD - Answer Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), tricuspid atresia
obstruction to blood flow CHD - Answer coarctation of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis
mixed blood flow CHD - Answer transposition of the great arteries (TGA), truncus arteriosus, hypoplastic
left heart syndrome (HLHS)
maternal risk factors for CHD - Answer - infection
- alcohol or other substance use disorder during pregnancy
- DM
genetic risk factors for CHD - Answer - hx of CHD in other family members
- syndromes (trisomy 21 aka down syndrome)
- presence of other congenital anomalies or chromosomal abnormalities
,expected findings with defects that increase pulmonary blood flow - Answer defects with increased
pulmonary blood flow allow blood to shift from the high pressure left side of the heart to the right,
lower pressure side of the heart
- increased pulmonary blood volume on the right side of the heart increases pulmonary blood flow
- these defects include manifestations and findings of HF
ventricular septal defect (VSD) - Answer a hole in the septum between the right and left ventricle that
results in increased pulmonary blood flow (left to right shunt)
- loud, harsh murmur auscultated at the left sternal border
- HF
- many VSDs close spontaneously early in life
atrial septal defect (ASD) - Answer a hole in the septum between the right and left atria that results in
increased pulmonary blood flow (left to right shunt)
- loud, harsh murmur with a fixed split second heart sound
- HF
- asymptomatic (possibly)
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - Answer a condition in which the normal fetal circulation conduit
between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close and results in increased pulmonary blood flow
(left to right shunt)
- systolic murmur (machine hum)
- wide pulse pressure
- bounding pulses
- asymptomatic (possibly)
- HF
- rales
obstructive defects - Answer include those where blood flow exiting the heart meets an area of
narrowing (stenosis), which causes obstruction of blood flow
- the pressure that occurs before the defect is increased (ventricle) and the pressure that occurs after
the defect is decreased --> this results in a decrease in CO
, - these children can present with manifestations of HF
pulmonary stenosis - Answer a narrowing of the pulmonary valve or pulmonary artery that results in
obstruction of blood flow from the ventricles
- systolic ejection murmur
- asymptomatic (possibly)
- cyanosis varies with defect, worse with severe narrowing
- cardiomegaly
- HF
aortic stenosis - Answer a narrowing of the aortic valve
- *infants*: faint pulses, hypotension, tachycardia, poor feeding tolerance
- *children*: intolerance to exercise, dizziness, chest pain, possible ejection murmur
coarctation of the aorta - Answer a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, usually at or near the ductus
arteriosus, that results in obstruction of blood flow from the ventricle
- elevated BP in the arms
- bounding pulses in the upper extremities
- decreased BP in the lower extremities
- cool skin of lower extremities
- weak or absent femoral pulses
- HF in infants
- dizziness, headaches, fainting, or nosebleeds in older children
defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow - Answer have an obstruction of pulmonary blood flow and
an anatomic defect (ASD or VSD) between the right and left sides of the heart
- in these defects, there is a right to left shift allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the systemic
circulation
- hypercyanotic spells (blue, or "TET" spells) manifest as acute cyanosis and hyperpnea
questions and 100% verified answers
2025/2026
congenital heart disease - Answer anatomic defects of the heart prevent normal blood flow to the
pulmonary and/or systemic system; defects are categorized by blood flow patterns in the heart
- increased pulmonary blood flow
- decreased pulmonary blood flow
- obstruction to blood flow
- mixed blood flow
increased pulmonary blood flow CHD - Answer ASD, VSD, PDA
decreased pulmonary blood flow CHD - Answer Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), tricuspid atresia
obstruction to blood flow CHD - Answer coarctation of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis
mixed blood flow CHD - Answer transposition of the great arteries (TGA), truncus arteriosus, hypoplastic
left heart syndrome (HLHS)
maternal risk factors for CHD - Answer - infection
- alcohol or other substance use disorder during pregnancy
- DM
genetic risk factors for CHD - Answer - hx of CHD in other family members
- syndromes (trisomy 21 aka down syndrome)
- presence of other congenital anomalies or chromosomal abnormalities
,expected findings with defects that increase pulmonary blood flow - Answer defects with increased
pulmonary blood flow allow blood to shift from the high pressure left side of the heart to the right,
lower pressure side of the heart
- increased pulmonary blood volume on the right side of the heart increases pulmonary blood flow
- these defects include manifestations and findings of HF
ventricular septal defect (VSD) - Answer a hole in the septum between the right and left ventricle that
results in increased pulmonary blood flow (left to right shunt)
- loud, harsh murmur auscultated at the left sternal border
- HF
- many VSDs close spontaneously early in life
atrial septal defect (ASD) - Answer a hole in the septum between the right and left atria that results in
increased pulmonary blood flow (left to right shunt)
- loud, harsh murmur with a fixed split second heart sound
- HF
- asymptomatic (possibly)
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - Answer a condition in which the normal fetal circulation conduit
between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close and results in increased pulmonary blood flow
(left to right shunt)
- systolic murmur (machine hum)
- wide pulse pressure
- bounding pulses
- asymptomatic (possibly)
- HF
- rales
obstructive defects - Answer include those where blood flow exiting the heart meets an area of
narrowing (stenosis), which causes obstruction of blood flow
- the pressure that occurs before the defect is increased (ventricle) and the pressure that occurs after
the defect is decreased --> this results in a decrease in CO
, - these children can present with manifestations of HF
pulmonary stenosis - Answer a narrowing of the pulmonary valve or pulmonary artery that results in
obstruction of blood flow from the ventricles
- systolic ejection murmur
- asymptomatic (possibly)
- cyanosis varies with defect, worse with severe narrowing
- cardiomegaly
- HF
aortic stenosis - Answer a narrowing of the aortic valve
- *infants*: faint pulses, hypotension, tachycardia, poor feeding tolerance
- *children*: intolerance to exercise, dizziness, chest pain, possible ejection murmur
coarctation of the aorta - Answer a narrowing of the lumen of the aorta, usually at or near the ductus
arteriosus, that results in obstruction of blood flow from the ventricle
- elevated BP in the arms
- bounding pulses in the upper extremities
- decreased BP in the lower extremities
- cool skin of lower extremities
- weak or absent femoral pulses
- HF in infants
- dizziness, headaches, fainting, or nosebleeds in older children
defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow - Answer have an obstruction of pulmonary blood flow and
an anatomic defect (ASD or VSD) between the right and left sides of the heart
- in these defects, there is a right to left shift allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the systemic
circulation
- hypercyanotic spells (blue, or "TET" spells) manifest as acute cyanosis and hyperpnea
