Chapter 22, Transitions, Developmental Concepts Study Guide - Student.

Chapter 22, Transitions, Developmental Concepts Study Guide
Summer 2025

I. Concepts of Growth and Development
 Growth: An increase in body size or changes in body cell structure, function, and
complexity.
 Development: An orderly pattern of changes in structure, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
resulting from maturation, experiences, and learning.

II. Principles of Growth and Development
 Orderly and sequential
 Continuous and complex
 Follow regular and predictable trends
 Both differentiated and integrated
 Aspects occur at different stages and rates, and can be modified
 Pace is specific for each person

III. Factors Influencing Growth and Development
 Genetics/heredity, genomics, epigenomics
 Prenatal, individual, and caregiver factors
 Environment and nutrition
 Social determinants of health

IV. Role of Genetics in Growth and Development
 At conception, humans receive an equal number of chromosomes from each parent.
 Characteristics inherited from parents are carried in gene pairs on 23 pairs of
chromosomes, determining cellular differentiation, growth, and function.
 Heredity: Transmission of genetics (what is passed down from one generation to
another).
 Influences physical characteristics (height, bone size, eye/hair color) and development of
many diseases.

V. Human Genome Project (HGP) Accomplishments
 Determining the order or sequence of all bases in human DNA.
 Making maps that show locations of genes on chromosomes.
 Making linkage maps that track inherited traits over generations.

VI. Genomics and Epigenetics
 Genomics: Study of the structure and interactions of all genes in the human body,
including their interactions with each other and the environment.
 Epigenetics: Study of changes in organisms due to modification of gene expression and
hereditability, not a change in the DNA sequence.

VII. Theories of Development
This section outlines various prominent theories of development, categorized by their primary
focus.




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, Chapter 22, Transitions, Developmental Concepts Study Guide
Summer 2025

A. Freud: Theory of Psychoanalytic Development
 Key Concepts: Unconscious mind: Contains memories, motives, fantasies, and fears.
 Id: Concerned with self-gratification.
 Ego: Conscious part of the mind, mediator between id and reality constraints.
 Superego: Commonly called the conscience.
 Stages of Development: Oral Stage (birth to 18 months)
 Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years)
 Phallic Stage (3 to 7 years)
 Latency Stage (7 to 12 years)
 Genital Stage (12 to 20 years)

B. Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development
 Focuses on the development of intellectual abilities.
 Stages of Development: Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 or 3 years)
 Preoperational Stage (2 or 3 to 6 or 7 years)
 Concrete Operational Stage (6 or 7 to 11 or 12 years)
 Formal Operational Stage (11 or 12 to 14 or 15 years)

C. Erikson: Theory of Psychosocial Development
 Expanded on Freud's work, incorporating cultural and social influences.
 Organizing Concepts: Stages of development, developmental goals/tasks, psychosocial
crises, coping process.
 Stages of Development (Psychosocial Crises):Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)
 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddler)
 Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool)
 Industry vs. Inferiority (school age)
 Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)
 Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
 Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
 Ego Integrity vs. Despair (later adulthood)

D. Havighurst: Theory Based on Developmental Tasks
 Describes learned behaviors as developmental tasks.
 Stages of Development: Infancy and Early Childhood
 Middle Childhood
 Adolescence
 Young Adulthood
 Middle Adulthood
 Later Maturity

E. Gould: Theory Based on Specific Beliefs and Developmental Phases
 Studies men and women aged 16 to 60.
 Central Theme: "Transformation" in adult years.
 Developmental Phases (Age Ranges):Ages 18–22
 Ages 22–28
 Ages 29–34

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