EFMB Written Test Study Guide Exam 2025–
2026 Accurate Real Exam Questions and
Verified Correct Answers JUST RELEASED
What must be established prior to making the diagnosis of cold injury? -
answer>>>Normothermia
A patient is experiencing a superficial skin injury; pain on re-warming, numbness,
hyperemia, occasional blue mottling, swelling and superficial desquamation. Classify the
degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. - answer>>>1st Degree
A patient is experiencing a partial thickness skin injury; vesiculation of the skin
surrounded by erythema and edema, swelling and superficial desquamation, numbness,
and hyperemia. Classify the degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. -
answer>>>2nd Degree
A patient is experiencing entire thickness of skin extending into the subcutaneous tissue;
bluish to black and non-deformable skin, hemorrhagic blisters, vesicles not present, and
ulcerations. Classify the degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. -
answer>>>3rd Degree
A patient is experiencing full thickness damage to the skin and bone; area cold to touch
and feels stiff. Classify the degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. -
answer>>>4th Degree
T/F: For the sake of caution in the field, the recommendation is to treat all acute
presentations of cold injury as frost nip. - answer>>>FALSE. As 1st Degree (Superficial)
Frostbite
__________ is a syndrome related to prolonged exposure to moisture causing water
logging of the feet. - answer>>>Immersion Foot (Commonly Known as Trench Foot)
What is the BEST treatment when attempting to re-warm a patient with frostbite? -
answer>>>Rapid Active Re-Warming done in 104-108°F Water for 15-30 Minutes.
,During the re-warming process for frostbite, which medication should be utilized liberally
for pain management? - answer>>>Narcotic & Non-Steroidal Medications (Including
Ibuprophen, Aspirin, and/or Ketamine)
After re-warming a patient with cold injuries/frostbite, what measures should you take
during the course of treatment? - answer>>>Patients should be prohibited from...
1. Using any tobacco & nicotine containing products
2. Any medications inducing vasoconstriction
3. The limb should be elevated to reduce swelling.
4. After re-warming, electrolyte abnormalities and rhabdomyolysis can occur. Electrolytes
should be monitored every six (6) hours initially, until normalized.
5. Scheduled Ibuprophen (400 mg PO every 6 hours) should be considered, with narcotics
utilized for refractory pain.
What are some factors that will qualify a patient with cold injuries as a candidate for
Thrombolytic Therapy? - answer>>>1. Patients should be within 24 hours of the start of
injury.
2. Patients should have evidence of severe frostbite as well as circulatory compromise as
demonstrated by decreased or absent pulses, lengthened capillary refill, and/or ischemic
discoloration of distal digits.
For a patient that has severe frostbite on two (2) extremities, what is the maximum rate
of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)? - answer>>>0.5 mg/h
T/F: If a 3rd degree frostbite forms an eschar, it should immediately be debrided, even if
in an operational environment. - answer>>>FALSE. It can be debrided in approximately 2-
8 Weeks.
For minor cold injuries, local wound care can be performed with the addition of what? -
answer>>>topical antibiotic & aloe vera gel or a sterile topical emollient every six (6)
hours
T/F: Surgical debridement should be done at a definitive care site outside of theater. -
answer>>>TRUE
,What is the process for rewarming the extremity of a patient diagnosed with immersion
foot? - answer>>>Air Drying at Room Temperature
If you are concerned that infection is present for a patient with immersion foot, which
bacteria should treatment target? - answer>>>Streptococcal, Staphylococcal, and P
aeruginosa
Section 16: Traumatic Brain Injury Management in Prolonged Field Care - answer>>>-
A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15 indicates a traumatic brain injury (TBI)
severity classification of... - answer>>>Mild
A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 9-12 indicates a traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity
classification of... - answer>>>Moderate
A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3-8 indicates a traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity
classification of... - answer>>>Severe
T/F: In no circumstance should a neurologic examination take priority over measurement
of the optic nerve sheath diameter, and all results must be considered in the context of
the neurologic examination and overall patient status. - answer>>>FALSE. In no
circumstance should a measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter take priority over a
neurologic examination.
T/F: Visualizations of spontaneous venous pulsations with an ophthalmoscope can
reassure the provider that intracranial pressure (ICP) is not critically elevated. -
answer>>>TRUE
What is the target systolic blood pressure in polytrauma patients with ongoing bleeding
and a suspected Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)? - answer>>>SBP > 110 mmHg
* Traditionally, an SBP > 90 mmHg was targeted *
What is the target urine output for a polytrauma patient with a suspected Traumatic
Brain Injury (TBI)? - answer>>>30-50 mL/h
, T/F: Colloids and hetastarches are the preferred fluid for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
patients. - answer>>>FALSE. AVOID colloids and hetastarches in TBI patients. However,
they can be used if no alternative is available.
If the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is ≤ __________, or there is facial trauma with
compromised airway, a definitive airway is most likely needed. - answer>>>8
Every effort should be made to optimize airway placement for a Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI) patient on the first attempt by doing... - answer>>>1. Preoxygenating with
Supplemental O2, 2. Selecting the Most Experience d Provider
3. Using the Technique Most Familiar to the Provider
T/F: Patients typically require less sedation after cricothyroidotomy than after
endotracheal tube (ETT) placement. - answer>>>TRUE
What are measures to reduce intracranial pressure? - answer>>>1. Elevate Head of Bed
30-60°
2. Maintain Neck in Midline Position
3. Maintain Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation > 90% (or > 95% if Receiving Ventilatory
Support)
4. Maintain EtCO2 Between 35 mmHg and 40 mmHg
5. Maintain Core Temperature Between 96°F and 99.5°F
6. Maintain Systolic Blood Pressure > 100 mmHg (Ideally at 110 mm Hg
7. Prevent or Rapidly Manage Seizure Activity
What potentially adverse complications can mannitol cause in a Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI) patient? - answer>>>1. It is a Diuretic and May Lower Blood Pressure
2. After Repeated Use, it can Cross a Damaged Blood-Brain Barrier and Potentially Worsen
ICP.
When treating a patient with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), what are the "best" antibiotic
options? - answer>>>Administer CNS-Penetrating Antibiotics for Open or Penetrating TBI
* Ceftriaxone 2 gm IV/IO every 24 hours or Cefazolin 2g IV/IO every 8 hours for 5 days
* Add Metronidazole 500 mg IV/IO every 8 hours, for 5 days for wounds that are grossly
contaminated with organic debris (dirt, debris, clothing).
2026 Accurate Real Exam Questions and
Verified Correct Answers JUST RELEASED
What must be established prior to making the diagnosis of cold injury? -
answer>>>Normothermia
A patient is experiencing a superficial skin injury; pain on re-warming, numbness,
hyperemia, occasional blue mottling, swelling and superficial desquamation. Classify the
degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. - answer>>>1st Degree
A patient is experiencing a partial thickness skin injury; vesiculation of the skin
surrounded by erythema and edema, swelling and superficial desquamation, numbness,
and hyperemia. Classify the degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. -
answer>>>2nd Degree
A patient is experiencing entire thickness of skin extending into the subcutaneous tissue;
bluish to black and non-deformable skin, hemorrhagic blisters, vesicles not present, and
ulcerations. Classify the degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. -
answer>>>3rd Degree
A patient is experiencing full thickness damage to the skin and bone; area cold to touch
and feels stiff. Classify the degree of cold injury the patient is suffering from. -
answer>>>4th Degree
T/F: For the sake of caution in the field, the recommendation is to treat all acute
presentations of cold injury as frost nip. - answer>>>FALSE. As 1st Degree (Superficial)
Frostbite
__________ is a syndrome related to prolonged exposure to moisture causing water
logging of the feet. - answer>>>Immersion Foot (Commonly Known as Trench Foot)
What is the BEST treatment when attempting to re-warm a patient with frostbite? -
answer>>>Rapid Active Re-Warming done in 104-108°F Water for 15-30 Minutes.
,During the re-warming process for frostbite, which medication should be utilized liberally
for pain management? - answer>>>Narcotic & Non-Steroidal Medications (Including
Ibuprophen, Aspirin, and/or Ketamine)
After re-warming a patient with cold injuries/frostbite, what measures should you take
during the course of treatment? - answer>>>Patients should be prohibited from...
1. Using any tobacco & nicotine containing products
2. Any medications inducing vasoconstriction
3. The limb should be elevated to reduce swelling.
4. After re-warming, electrolyte abnormalities and rhabdomyolysis can occur. Electrolytes
should be monitored every six (6) hours initially, until normalized.
5. Scheduled Ibuprophen (400 mg PO every 6 hours) should be considered, with narcotics
utilized for refractory pain.
What are some factors that will qualify a patient with cold injuries as a candidate for
Thrombolytic Therapy? - answer>>>1. Patients should be within 24 hours of the start of
injury.
2. Patients should have evidence of severe frostbite as well as circulatory compromise as
demonstrated by decreased or absent pulses, lengthened capillary refill, and/or ischemic
discoloration of distal digits.
For a patient that has severe frostbite on two (2) extremities, what is the maximum rate
of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)? - answer>>>0.5 mg/h
T/F: If a 3rd degree frostbite forms an eschar, it should immediately be debrided, even if
in an operational environment. - answer>>>FALSE. It can be debrided in approximately 2-
8 Weeks.
For minor cold injuries, local wound care can be performed with the addition of what? -
answer>>>topical antibiotic & aloe vera gel or a sterile topical emollient every six (6)
hours
T/F: Surgical debridement should be done at a definitive care site outside of theater. -
answer>>>TRUE
,What is the process for rewarming the extremity of a patient diagnosed with immersion
foot? - answer>>>Air Drying at Room Temperature
If you are concerned that infection is present for a patient with immersion foot, which
bacteria should treatment target? - answer>>>Streptococcal, Staphylococcal, and P
aeruginosa
Section 16: Traumatic Brain Injury Management in Prolonged Field Care - answer>>>-
A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15 indicates a traumatic brain injury (TBI)
severity classification of... - answer>>>Mild
A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 9-12 indicates a traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity
classification of... - answer>>>Moderate
A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3-8 indicates a traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity
classification of... - answer>>>Severe
T/F: In no circumstance should a neurologic examination take priority over measurement
of the optic nerve sheath diameter, and all results must be considered in the context of
the neurologic examination and overall patient status. - answer>>>FALSE. In no
circumstance should a measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter take priority over a
neurologic examination.
T/F: Visualizations of spontaneous venous pulsations with an ophthalmoscope can
reassure the provider that intracranial pressure (ICP) is not critically elevated. -
answer>>>TRUE
What is the target systolic blood pressure in polytrauma patients with ongoing bleeding
and a suspected Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)? - answer>>>SBP > 110 mmHg
* Traditionally, an SBP > 90 mmHg was targeted *
What is the target urine output for a polytrauma patient with a suspected Traumatic
Brain Injury (TBI)? - answer>>>30-50 mL/h
, T/F: Colloids and hetastarches are the preferred fluid for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
patients. - answer>>>FALSE. AVOID colloids and hetastarches in TBI patients. However,
they can be used if no alternative is available.
If the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is ≤ __________, or there is facial trauma with
compromised airway, a definitive airway is most likely needed. - answer>>>8
Every effort should be made to optimize airway placement for a Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI) patient on the first attempt by doing... - answer>>>1. Preoxygenating with
Supplemental O2, 2. Selecting the Most Experience d Provider
3. Using the Technique Most Familiar to the Provider
T/F: Patients typically require less sedation after cricothyroidotomy than after
endotracheal tube (ETT) placement. - answer>>>TRUE
What are measures to reduce intracranial pressure? - answer>>>1. Elevate Head of Bed
30-60°
2. Maintain Neck in Midline Position
3. Maintain Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation > 90% (or > 95% if Receiving Ventilatory
Support)
4. Maintain EtCO2 Between 35 mmHg and 40 mmHg
5. Maintain Core Temperature Between 96°F and 99.5°F
6. Maintain Systolic Blood Pressure > 100 mmHg (Ideally at 110 mm Hg
7. Prevent or Rapidly Manage Seizure Activity
What potentially adverse complications can mannitol cause in a Traumatic Brain Injury
(TBI) patient? - answer>>>1. It is a Diuretic and May Lower Blood Pressure
2. After Repeated Use, it can Cross a Damaged Blood-Brain Barrier and Potentially Worsen
ICP.
When treating a patient with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), what are the "best" antibiotic
options? - answer>>>Administer CNS-Penetrating Antibiotics for Open or Penetrating TBI
* Ceftriaxone 2 gm IV/IO every 24 hours or Cefazolin 2g IV/IO every 8 hours for 5 days
* Add Metronidazole 500 mg IV/IO every 8 hours, for 5 days for wounds that are grossly
contaminated with organic debris (dirt, debris, clothing).
