PSY 331 Midterm Exam Study Guide
Questions with correct answers
Scientific |method |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |process |for |experimentation |that |is |used |to |
explore |observations |and |answer |questions. |It |consists |of |systematic |observation, |
measurement, |experiment, |and |the |formulation |of |questions |or |hypotheses.
Cross-sectional |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-type |of |observational |study |that |analyzes |data |from |a |
population, |or |a |representative |subset, |at |a |specific |point |in |time
Longitudinal |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |research |design |that |involves |repeated |observations |of
|the |same |variables |over |long |periods |of |time, |often |many |decades.
Sequential |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |combination |of |both |a |cross-sectional |design |and |a |
longitudinal |design. |Using |a |sequential |design, |we |study |several |cohorts, |or |age |groups, |over |a
|long |period |of |time.
Microgenetic |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |research |design |in |which |participants |are |studied |
intensively |over |a |short |period |of |time |as |developmental |changes |occur.
Ethical |principles |outlined |in |Belmont |Report |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |Belmont |Report |
summarizes |ethical |principles |and |guidelines |for |research |involving |human |subjects. |
Beneficence |(money |or |extra |credit), |respect |for |persons |(ensuring |the |participants |have |
autonomy- |the |ability |to |make |decisions |about |what |they |want |to |do), |justice |(being |fair |
about |who |gets |the |benefits |and |who |takes |on |risks)
Conducting |research |with |families |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Researchers |need |to |have |respect |
for |the |family |as |a |unit |and |to |evaluate |benefits |versus |harms |for |the |family |as |well |as |for |
individuals. |Confidentiality, |privacy, |and |informed |consent |may |be |tricky.
, Exempt, |minimal |risk, |greater |than |minimal |risk |research |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-"Exempt" |
means |review |by |one |IRB |member, |sometimes |in |consultation |with |others. |A |research |activity |
may |be |declared |exempt |if |it |is |considered |low-risk |and |the |only |involvement |of |human |
subjects |will |be |research |in |surveys, |observation, |interviews, |etc. |
Minimal |Risk |generally |means |that |the |probability |and |magnitude |of |physical |or |psychological |
harm |anticipated |in |the |research |are |not |greater |than |those |ordinarily |encountered |in |daily |
life, |or |in |routine |medical, |dental, |or |psychological |examinations.
Greater |than |minimal |risk |means |any |disclosure |of |illegal |activities, |mental |health, |religious |
beliefs, |sexual |abuse
Types |of |Qualitative |data |collection |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Focus |group
Ethnography |
Observation |
Structured |(intervening |by |bringing |people |into |a |lab |setting)
Interviews |
Questionnaires
Types |of |qualitative |analytic |tools |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Word |count |
content |analysis: |a |technique |for |systematically |describing |written, |spoken |or |visual |
communication. |It |provides |a |quantitative |(numerical) |description. |
grounded |theory: |It |is |the |systematic |generation |of |theory |from |systematic |research. |It |is |a |set
|of |rigorous |research |procedures |leading |to |the |emergence |of |conceptual |categories.
Questions with correct answers
Scientific |method |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |process |for |experimentation |that |is |used |to |
explore |observations |and |answer |questions. |It |consists |of |systematic |observation, |
measurement, |experiment, |and |the |formulation |of |questions |or |hypotheses.
Cross-sectional |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-type |of |observational |study |that |analyzes |data |from |a |
population, |or |a |representative |subset, |at |a |specific |point |in |time
Longitudinal |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |research |design |that |involves |repeated |observations |of
|the |same |variables |over |long |periods |of |time, |often |many |decades.
Sequential |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |combination |of |both |a |cross-sectional |design |and |a |
longitudinal |design. |Using |a |sequential |design, |we |study |several |cohorts, |or |age |groups, |over |a
|long |period |of |time.
Microgenetic |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |research |design |in |which |participants |are |studied |
intensively |over |a |short |period |of |time |as |developmental |changes |occur.
Ethical |principles |outlined |in |Belmont |Report |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |Belmont |Report |
summarizes |ethical |principles |and |guidelines |for |research |involving |human |subjects. |
Beneficence |(money |or |extra |credit), |respect |for |persons |(ensuring |the |participants |have |
autonomy- |the |ability |to |make |decisions |about |what |they |want |to |do), |justice |(being |fair |
about |who |gets |the |benefits |and |who |takes |on |risks)
Conducting |research |with |families |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Researchers |need |to |have |respect |
for |the |family |as |a |unit |and |to |evaluate |benefits |versus |harms |for |the |family |as |well |as |for |
individuals. |Confidentiality, |privacy, |and |informed |consent |may |be |tricky.
, Exempt, |minimal |risk, |greater |than |minimal |risk |research |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-"Exempt" |
means |review |by |one |IRB |member, |sometimes |in |consultation |with |others. |A |research |activity |
may |be |declared |exempt |if |it |is |considered |low-risk |and |the |only |involvement |of |human |
subjects |will |be |research |in |surveys, |observation, |interviews, |etc. |
Minimal |Risk |generally |means |that |the |probability |and |magnitude |of |physical |or |psychological |
harm |anticipated |in |the |research |are |not |greater |than |those |ordinarily |encountered |in |daily |
life, |or |in |routine |medical, |dental, |or |psychological |examinations.
Greater |than |minimal |risk |means |any |disclosure |of |illegal |activities, |mental |health, |religious |
beliefs, |sexual |abuse
Types |of |Qualitative |data |collection |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Focus |group
Ethnography |
Observation |
Structured |(intervening |by |bringing |people |into |a |lab |setting)
Interviews |
Questionnaires
Types |of |qualitative |analytic |tools |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Word |count |
content |analysis: |a |technique |for |systematically |describing |written, |spoken |or |visual |
communication. |It |provides |a |quantitative |(numerical) |description. |
grounded |theory: |It |is |the |systematic |generation |of |theory |from |systematic |research. |It |is |a |set
|of |rigorous |research |procedures |leading |to |the |emergence |of |conceptual |categories.
