GMS6440 FUNDAMENTALS Exam Questions And Answers

In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the main muscle type (True/False) - ANS True In our body, approx. 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. (True/False) - ANS True Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle- lung- right atrium- right ventricle. (True/False) - ANS False. Right atrium-right ventricle-lung-left atrium-left ventricle. Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. (True/False) - ANS False. It is the opposite. In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. (True/False) - ANS True The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders. (True/False) - ANS False. 2 Kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder. Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of henle- collecting duct. (True/False) - ANS False. Bowman's capsule- proximal tubule- loop of henle- distal tubule- collecting duct. Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. (True/False) - ANS True. The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath is called the nodes of Rnavier where action potential is insulated. (True/False) - ANS False. Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node. What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane? - ANS Lipids (phospholipids) Where is the concentration of [K+] greater? Cytoplasm or extracellular fluid? - ANS Cytoplasm Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is (passive through a channel or an active event)? - ANS Passive through a channel Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater? Cytoplasm or Extracellular fluid? - ANS Extracellular fluid Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment of high concentration to low concentration. (True/False) - ANS False, it moves into the cell with sodium from low to high concentration At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS At equilibrium What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane? - ANS Concentration (chemical) gradient The electrochemical equlibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by the concentration gradient. (True/False) - ANS True. Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration gradients. (True/False) - ANS True Which ion is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential? - ANS K+ Excessive extracellular acid (i.e. [H+]) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration. (True/False) - ANS True, hyperkalemia is acidic blood due to increase in potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permability as well as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. (True/False) - ANS True. Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). (True/False) - ANS True, rhabdomyolysis muscle crush causes increase in potassium in the blood, which is leaked back into the cardiac cell. This makes the cell potential to become depolarized (less negative) A normal lean person consists of ~95% water. (True/False) - ANS False, ~60% water Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. (True/False) - ANS False, it is extracellular The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. (True/False) - ANS False, the cell wall separates the two. Capillary separates the interstitium and plasma (both extraceullar fluid compartments) To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. (True/False) - ANS True, ex: inulin cannot cross any cell walls and can therefore be used to determine ECFV Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport. (True/False) - ANS False, all movement across capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - ANS False, total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines osmolality All water movement in and out of the cell is passive. (True/False) - ANS True, water movement is driven by the solute gradients across the cell wall Sodium (Na) is effectively imperable at the cell wall. (True/False) - ANS True, any Na that does not enter the cell will be immediately removed by the sodium potassium ATPase in the cell wall