Biology 123 Exam 2 | Actual study set |
Questions and verified study solutions
Light Microscopes (LM) - ANSW-The first microscopes visible as light passes through. Can magnify up to
1000X.
Electron Microscope - ANSW-Uses a beam of electrons. Can magnify up to 100,000X.
Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) - ANSW-Studies the detailed architecture of cell surfaces. Specimen
must be coated in gold. Occurs in a vacuum.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - ANSW-Study the details of internal cell structure. Specimen
must be coated in gold. Occurs in a vacuum.
Cell size must - ANSW-be large enough to house DEA, proteins and structures needed to survive and
reproduce. However, must remain small enough to allow for a surface to volume ratio that will allow
adequate exchange with the environment.
Plasma Membrane - ANSW-forms a boundary between inside and outside a cell.
Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer, what are they? - ANSW-Hydrophilic -
heads face outward (surrounded by water)
Hydrophobic - tails point inward (towards each other)
Where are membrane proteins embedded - ANSW-In the lipid bilayer.
What other functions do membrane proteins have? - ANSW-Some form channels that shield ions and
other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane.
Others serve as a pump to transport molecules into or out of the cell.
Prokaryotic cells are - ANSW-Smaller and simpler in structure. Does not have a membrane that surrounds
the DNA. DNA is coiled into the nucleoid.
Eukaryotic cells - ANSW-are distinguished by having a membrane enclosed organelles.
Cytosol - ANSW-Interior filling of a cell which is a thick, jellylike fluid
What does a Eukaryotic cell contain? - ANSW-a membrane enclosed nucleus, various other organelles
(little organs) performing specific functions.
Cellular Metabolism - ANSW-The many chemical activities of cells, occurs with in the organelles.
What is the function of Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes? - ANSW-they manufacture,
distribute and breakdown molecules. which is important for getting energy through your body.
What is the function of the nucleus and ribosomes? - ANSW-They are involved in the genetic control of
the cell.
What is the function of the mitochondria? - ANSW-Energy processing
What is the function of the Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane and cell wall? - ANSW-Structural support,
movement and communication between cells.
What does the cell nucleus contain? - ANSW-most of the cells DNA (99.9%)
What does the cell nucleus control? - ANSW-the cell's activities.
What is DNA associated with? - ANSW-Many proteins and are organized into structures called
chromosomes.
Chromatin - ANSW-A complex of proteins and DNA that appear as a diffuse mass within the nucleus.
, Nuclear Envelope - ANSW-Has a double membrane (2 lipid bilayers) that contains pores that regulate the
entry and exit of large molecules and connects with the cell's endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSW-A cell's network of membranes. One of the major manufacturing
sites in a cell.
Nucleus - ANSW-Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.
Ribosomes - ANSW-Involved in the cell's protein synthesis.
mRNA - ANSW-Messenger RNA which uses instructions from the nucleus (DNA) written in mRNA to build
proteins.
Cells that make a lot of proteins have a lot of - ANSW-ribosomes.
Free Ribosomes - ANSW-Suspend in the Cytosol.
Bound ribosomes - ANSW-Attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope.
Organelles - ANSW-"Little Organs" that perform specific functions in the cell.
Smooth ER - ANSW-Is involved in a variety of metabolic processes. The production of enzymes and
contains enzymes which help in the production of lipids, oils, phospholipids and steroids. Called smooth
because it lacks attached ribosomes.
Rough ER - ANSW-has bound ribosomes that stud the outer surface.
Polypeptide - ANSW-A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Golgi apparatus - ANSW-Molecular warehouse and processing station for products made by the ER.
Lysosomes - ANSW-A membrane-enclosed vesicle of digestive enzymes. Made by rough ER and
processed in the Golgi apparatus. (Helps in digestion.)
Mitochondria - ANSW-organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells. It
converts the chemical energy in foods (sugars)to chemical energy in adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What is the main energy source for cells? - ANSW-ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
What is cellular respiration? - ANSW-A process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other
food molecules to the chemical energy of ATP.
Mitochondria Structure - ANSW-Outer membrane, inter-membrane space, Inner-membrane, cristae.
Mitochondria matrix - ANSW-Contains mitochondrion DNA & ribosomes as well as enzymes that catalyze
some of the reactions of cellular respiration.
Cristae - ANSW-Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the membranes surface area
enhancing the ability to produce ATP.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) - ANSW-the main energy source for cells and releases energy when its
phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed.
Endosymbiotic Theory - ANSW-mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that
began living within larger cells. Several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as symbioses between
separate singe-celled organisms.
Mitochondria as symbionts - ANSW-Molecular and biochemical evidence suggest that the mitochondrion
developed from proteobacteria.
Cytoskeleton - ANSW-A network of protein fibers that extend throughout a cell. They play a major role in
organizing the structures and activities of the cell. They also provide structural support and movement.
What are the three kinds of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton? - ANSW-microtubules, Intermediate
filaments & microfilaments.
Questions and verified study solutions
Light Microscopes (LM) - ANSW-The first microscopes visible as light passes through. Can magnify up to
1000X.
Electron Microscope - ANSW-Uses a beam of electrons. Can magnify up to 100,000X.
Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) - ANSW-Studies the detailed architecture of cell surfaces. Specimen
must be coated in gold. Occurs in a vacuum.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - ANSW-Study the details of internal cell structure. Specimen
must be coated in gold. Occurs in a vacuum.
Cell size must - ANSW-be large enough to house DEA, proteins and structures needed to survive and
reproduce. However, must remain small enough to allow for a surface to volume ratio that will allow
adequate exchange with the environment.
Plasma Membrane - ANSW-forms a boundary between inside and outside a cell.
Phospholipids form a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer, what are they? - ANSW-Hydrophilic -
heads face outward (surrounded by water)
Hydrophobic - tails point inward (towards each other)
Where are membrane proteins embedded - ANSW-In the lipid bilayer.
What other functions do membrane proteins have? - ANSW-Some form channels that shield ions and
other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane.
Others serve as a pump to transport molecules into or out of the cell.
Prokaryotic cells are - ANSW-Smaller and simpler in structure. Does not have a membrane that surrounds
the DNA. DNA is coiled into the nucleoid.
Eukaryotic cells - ANSW-are distinguished by having a membrane enclosed organelles.
Cytosol - ANSW-Interior filling of a cell which is a thick, jellylike fluid
What does a Eukaryotic cell contain? - ANSW-a membrane enclosed nucleus, various other organelles
(little organs) performing specific functions.
Cellular Metabolism - ANSW-The many chemical activities of cells, occurs with in the organelles.
What is the function of Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes? - ANSW-they manufacture,
distribute and breakdown molecules. which is important for getting energy through your body.
What is the function of the nucleus and ribosomes? - ANSW-They are involved in the genetic control of
the cell.
What is the function of the mitochondria? - ANSW-Energy processing
What is the function of the Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane and cell wall? - ANSW-Structural support,
movement and communication between cells.
What does the cell nucleus contain? - ANSW-most of the cells DNA (99.9%)
What does the cell nucleus control? - ANSW-the cell's activities.
What is DNA associated with? - ANSW-Many proteins and are organized into structures called
chromosomes.
Chromatin - ANSW-A complex of proteins and DNA that appear as a diffuse mass within the nucleus.
, Nuclear Envelope - ANSW-Has a double membrane (2 lipid bilayers) that contains pores that regulate the
entry and exit of large molecules and connects with the cell's endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSW-A cell's network of membranes. One of the major manufacturing
sites in a cell.
Nucleus - ANSW-Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.
Ribosomes - ANSW-Involved in the cell's protein synthesis.
mRNA - ANSW-Messenger RNA which uses instructions from the nucleus (DNA) written in mRNA to build
proteins.
Cells that make a lot of proteins have a lot of - ANSW-ribosomes.
Free Ribosomes - ANSW-Suspend in the Cytosol.
Bound ribosomes - ANSW-Attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope.
Organelles - ANSW-"Little Organs" that perform specific functions in the cell.
Smooth ER - ANSW-Is involved in a variety of metabolic processes. The production of enzymes and
contains enzymes which help in the production of lipids, oils, phospholipids and steroids. Called smooth
because it lacks attached ribosomes.
Rough ER - ANSW-has bound ribosomes that stud the outer surface.
Polypeptide - ANSW-A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Golgi apparatus - ANSW-Molecular warehouse and processing station for products made by the ER.
Lysosomes - ANSW-A membrane-enclosed vesicle of digestive enzymes. Made by rough ER and
processed in the Golgi apparatus. (Helps in digestion.)
Mitochondria - ANSW-organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells. It
converts the chemical energy in foods (sugars)to chemical energy in adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What is the main energy source for cells? - ANSW-ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
What is cellular respiration? - ANSW-A process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other
food molecules to the chemical energy of ATP.
Mitochondria Structure - ANSW-Outer membrane, inter-membrane space, Inner-membrane, cristae.
Mitochondria matrix - ANSW-Contains mitochondrion DNA & ribosomes as well as enzymes that catalyze
some of the reactions of cellular respiration.
Cristae - ANSW-Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the membranes surface area
enhancing the ability to produce ATP.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) - ANSW-the main energy source for cells and releases energy when its
phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed.
Endosymbiotic Theory - ANSW-mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that
began living within larger cells. Several key organelles of eukaryotes originated as symbioses between
separate singe-celled organisms.
Mitochondria as symbionts - ANSW-Molecular and biochemical evidence suggest that the mitochondrion
developed from proteobacteria.
Cytoskeleton - ANSW-A network of protein fibers that extend throughout a cell. They play a major role in
organizing the structures and activities of the cell. They also provide structural support and movement.
What are the three kinds of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton? - ANSW-microtubules, Intermediate
filaments & microfilaments.
