Skeletal System Final Exam 2025

Renal cortex - -outer region of the kidney Renal medulla - -inner portion of the kidney Renal pelvis - -central collecting region in the kidney Major and minor calyces - -collect urine and empty it into the renal pelvis Nephron - -functional unit of the kidney Renal corpuscle - -glomerulus and glomerular capsule Renal tubule - -stem portion of the nephron Glomerulus - -tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney Glomerular capsule - -enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule - -first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients Nephron limb - ascending and descending - -nephron limb - ascending and desceding Distal convoluted tubule - -a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of henle and the collecting duct system. Collecting duct - -a segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream. Renal artery - -blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney Renal vein - -blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart Afferent arteriole - -carries blood to the glomerulus; bigger Efferent arteriole - -carries blood away from the glomerulus; smaller Glomerular capillaries - -very small blood vessels within the glomerulus of the kidney through which plasma is filtered Urinary Urinary Urinary Peritubular capillary - -one of the tiny blood vessels that form a network surrounding the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney Fenestrae - -window-like openings in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries Podocytes - -cells in the bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus Major organs in the urinary system - -renal artery, renal vein, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra Kidney - -filters waste from the blood Ureter - -a duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Bladder - -stores urine Urethra - -tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body What three processes are involved in urine formation? - -filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Molecules in urine filtration - -water, ions, sodium, glucose, urea, protein Molecules in urine reabsorption - -glucose, amino acids, sodium, potassium, and water Molecules in urine secretion - -urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as ions, organic compounds, and hormones Why types of transport are used to move molecules during urine formation? Examples of each - -active transport: glucose, aa's, na+ Passive transport: cl- Osmosis: h2o How is na+ transported? - -active transport How is cl- transported? - -passive transport How is h2o transported? - -osmosis What. Is the net filtration pressure in the renal corpuscle? - -measurement of the actual amount of pressure created in the glomerulus; positive Glomerular hydrostatic pressure - -pressure created by the blood (h2o) pushing on glomular capillaries Urinary Urinary Colloid osmotic pressure - -pressure created by plasma proteins that pulls water back into the glomerular capillaries Capsular hydrostatic pressure - -pressure created by water in capsule; pushes back into glomerular capillaries What does the renin-angiotensin pathway regulate? - -filtration rates, blood pressure, hormone release What two major hormones regulate blood electrolytes and water volume? - -aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (adh) Antidiuretic hormone (adh) - -hypothalamus; stored in pituitary gland, increases water reabsorption Aldosterone - -adrenal glands: increases na+ reabsorption and k+ secretion Normal vs. Not urinalysis - -normal: urea, water, k+, na+, tiny b