Bio 151 exam 2 Questions And Answers 100% Correct Answers !!!

Anaerobic respiration: glucose oxidized - ANS energy and byproducts. Glycolysis mechanism - ANS 6 carbon glucose- 2 pyruvate molecule (3 carbon molecules). Net of ATP and 2 NADH, NADP+ will pick up electrons which will shuttle it to electron chain, NADH shuttling electrons from one place to another, taking electrons from glucose molecule and taking them to electron transport chain. Where does glycolysis occur and does it need oxygen? - ANS in the cytosol, no it does not Cellular metabolism: Three things to remember: (1) - ANS Macromolecules (polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids) are broken down into their constituent parts ( monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol) releasing little or no energy Cellular metabolism: Three things to remember (2) - ANS constituent parts are oxidized to acetyl CoA, pyruvate or other metabolites forming some ATP and reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) in a process that does not directly utilize oxygen Cellular Metabolism: Three things to remember (3) - ANS If oxygen is available and the cell is capable of using oxygen, these metabolites go into the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to form large amounts of energy (more NADH,FADH2, or ATP); otherwise the coenzyme NAD+ and other byproducts are either recycled or expelled as waste. Glycolysis - ANS is the first stage of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. breaks down a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis products - ANS 2 molecules of ATP water 2 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of pyruvate Glycolysis lecture: - ANS Start with Glucose-add two ATP- end up with two molecules called G3P Phospho glyceraldehyde.-per pyruvate One NADH and two Atp- 2 pyruvic acid- glucose molecules makes 2 NADH and four ATP, however used 2 ATP so we have a net of 2 ATP. Fermentation-Yeast or bacteria - ANS yeast or bacteria wil end up with Alcohol and CO2. Ethanol and carbon dioxide. Purpose: is to regenerate NAD+ Fermentation: animals - ANS lactic acid Purpose: is to regenerate NAD+ Fermentation - ANS takes place when a cell or organism is either unable to assimilate the energy from NADH and pyruvate or has no oxygen to do so. In fermentation NAD+ - ANS is restored for use in its role in glycolysis as a coenzyme, and the lactic acid or ethanol is expelled from the cell along with carbon dioxide as a waste product. Krebs cycle - ANS (2)Three carbon molecule- (pyruvate) CO2 (get rid of it)- acetyl co A which is a two carbon chain → (2) NADH- 4 carbon molecule (oxaoacetate) + acetyl co A- citrate (6 carbons)- get rid of CO2- Alpha ketoglutaric acid- CO2 leaves (exhales it out) → succinic acid- will come back to oxaloacetate Krebs cycle products - ANS 2 co2, 3 nadh, 1 fadh, 1 atp per turn; for glucose- it would double Krebs cycle final acceptor - ANS oxygen Aerobic respiration - ANS requires oxygen Kreb's Cycle:If there is oxygen: Products of glycolysis - ANS will move into the matrix of the mitochondrion. Kreb's Cycle:Once inside the matrix - ANS pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in a reaction that produces NADH and CO2. Kreb's cycle:acetyl CoA - ANS is a coenzyme which transfers two carbons to the 4 carbon oxaloacetic acid. Krebs cycle: Each turn produces - ANS 1ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2. Krebs cycle:During the cycle - ANS two carbons are lost as CO2, and oxaloacetic acid is reproduced to begin the cycle over agian. Substrate-level phosphorylation - ANS the process of ATP production in the Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain- aerobic: ATP SYNTHASE: - ANS adds phosphate to ADP to make ATP. make net of 28 ATP in here per glucose molecule. ETC: FADH2 - ANS pumps electrons H+ in Why is glycolysis, krebs, considered aerobic respiration if it does not directly used oxygen? - ANS Bc if you do not have oxygen it can not move forward. When oxygen accepts it it causes process to move forward. NADP+ can now go back to Krebs and gateway. Production of ATP through the ATP synthase - ANS is called oxidative phosphorylation Interphase G1=gap1 period - ANS -after cell division and before DNA replication -biosynthesis of organelles, ribosomes, and macromolecules -varies in length between different types of cells S= synthesis - ANS -S-cycling protein needed -2 chromatids attached by a centromere kinetochore- are moved by microtubule G2- gap 2 period - ANS -preparation for mitosis -make second pair of centrioles. Prophase - ANS -"chromatin coils"- chromosome Nucleolus codes for rRNA. -nucleoli disappear -nuclear membrane disappears -centrosomes- spindles of microtubules to the chromosomes and astral microtubules in the opposite direction. Metaphase - ANS "centromeres line up" at equator. Anaphase - ANS "Chromatids separate"