Biology 151 Exam (Actual) Exam Rated
A+
Characteristics of living things - Answer ✔✔- 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells
2. Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization
3. Living Things Use Energy
4. Living Things Respond To Their Environment
5. Living Things Grow
6. Living Things Reproduce
7. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment
Hierarchical organization of living systems - Answer ✔✔-
atom<molecule<organelle<cell<tissue<organ<organ
system<organism<population<community<ecosystem<biosphere
cell Theory - Answer ✔✔- scientific theory which describes the properties of cells.
These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of
reproduction.
molecular basis of heredity - Answer ✔✔- In all organisms, the instructions for the
characteristics of the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule. Each DNA
molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome.
Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22 different chromosomes
(one copy from your mother, and one copy from your father). An additional pair of
chromosomes determines the sex, male or female.
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some changes make no
difference to the organism, and other can change the organism.
relationship between structure and function - Answer ✔✔- A cell's structure can be
simple or complex depending on the function of the cell. Each cell has a structure that
has evolved to allow the cell to perform its function effectively
Evolution gives rise to diversity - Answer ✔✔-
Living systems use energy to exist in non-equilibrium states - Answer ✔✔-
matter - Answer ✔✔- anything that has mass and takes up space
Element - Answer ✔✔- A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
Atoms - Answer ✔✔- Protons: subatomic particle with a positive electric charge
Neutrons: subatomic particle with no charge
,Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge
Energy levels in atoms:
Cations - Answer ✔✔- positively charged ion
Anions - Answer ✔✔- negatively charged ion
Redox reactions - Answer ✔✔- oxidation:
~ The term given to species that have lost electrons
~ Increase in oxidation number
Reduction:
~ The term given to species that have gained electrons
~ Decrease in oxidation number
valence electrons - Answer ✔✔- electrons in the outer shell of an atom
Octet rule - Answer ✔✔- chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of
main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons
in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
chemical Bonds - Answer ✔✔- lasting attraction between atoms that enables the
formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of
attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as
in the covalent bonds.
ionic Bonds - Answer ✔✔- the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms
and is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. It is
observed because metals with few electrons in its outer-most orbital.
Non-Polar covalent bonds - Answer ✔✔- are a type of chemical bond where two atoms
share a pair of electrons with each other.
Polar covalent Bonds - Answer ✔✔- a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
Hydrogen bonds - Answer ✔✔- the electrostatic attraction between polar groups that
occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as
nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F) experiences attraction to some other nearby
highly electronegative atom.
chemical reactions alter bonds! - Answer ✔✔-
Properties of water - Answer ✔✔- Polar molecule
Cohesion and adhesion
High specific heat
, Density - greatest at 4oC
Universal solvent of life
Chemistry of carbon - Answer ✔✔-
6 elements make up macromolecules - Answer ✔✔- Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
Hydrates, Phospherus
monomers - Answer ✔✔- molecule that is able to bond in long chains.
polymers - Answer ✔✔- substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are
composed of a large number of repeating units
macromolecule - Answer ✔✔- Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
4 Groups of macromolecules, structure, function, and Examples - Answer ✔✔- Nucleic
acids: DNA & RNA; molecules that enable living organisms to reproduce genetic
information from one generation to the next
Carbohydrates: Molecules that provide fuel and build structures in the body
Proteins: Molecules that provide structural support, storage, transport, cell
communication, movement, and defense
Lipids: Molecules that store energy and regulate the body's metabolic processes
carbohydrates - Answer ✔✔- (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made
from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g.
glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) are relatively small molecules. They are often
called sugars.
Nucleic Acids - Answer ✔✔- biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known
forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides.
proteins - Answer ✔✔- organic compounds that contain the element nitrogen as well as
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are the most diverse group of biologically
important substances and are often considered to be the central compound necessary
for life.
Lipids - Answer ✔✔- group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes,
sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides,
diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
cell size - Answer ✔✔- Cell size is limited.
-As cell size increases, it takes longer for material to diffuse from the cell membrane to
the interior of the cell.
A+
Characteristics of living things - Answer ✔✔- 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells
2. Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization
3. Living Things Use Energy
4. Living Things Respond To Their Environment
5. Living Things Grow
6. Living Things Reproduce
7. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment
Hierarchical organization of living systems - Answer ✔✔-
atom<molecule<organelle<cell<tissue<organ<organ
system<organism<population<community<ecosystem<biosphere
cell Theory - Answer ✔✔- scientific theory which describes the properties of cells.
These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of
reproduction.
molecular basis of heredity - Answer ✔✔- In all organisms, the instructions for the
characteristics of the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule. Each DNA
molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome.
Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of 22 different chromosomes
(one copy from your mother, and one copy from your father). An additional pair of
chromosomes determines the sex, male or female.
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates. Some changes make no
difference to the organism, and other can change the organism.
relationship between structure and function - Answer ✔✔- A cell's structure can be
simple or complex depending on the function of the cell. Each cell has a structure that
has evolved to allow the cell to perform its function effectively
Evolution gives rise to diversity - Answer ✔✔-
Living systems use energy to exist in non-equilibrium states - Answer ✔✔-
matter - Answer ✔✔- anything that has mass and takes up space
Element - Answer ✔✔- A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
Atoms - Answer ✔✔- Protons: subatomic particle with a positive electric charge
Neutrons: subatomic particle with no charge
,Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge
Energy levels in atoms:
Cations - Answer ✔✔- positively charged ion
Anions - Answer ✔✔- negatively charged ion
Redox reactions - Answer ✔✔- oxidation:
~ The term given to species that have lost electrons
~ Increase in oxidation number
Reduction:
~ The term given to species that have gained electrons
~ Decrease in oxidation number
valence electrons - Answer ✔✔- electrons in the outer shell of an atom
Octet rule - Answer ✔✔- chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of
main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons
in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
chemical Bonds - Answer ✔✔- lasting attraction between atoms that enables the
formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of
attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as
in the covalent bonds.
ionic Bonds - Answer ✔✔- the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms
and is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. It is
observed because metals with few electrons in its outer-most orbital.
Non-Polar covalent bonds - Answer ✔✔- are a type of chemical bond where two atoms
share a pair of electrons with each other.
Polar covalent Bonds - Answer ✔✔- a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
Hydrogen bonds - Answer ✔✔- the electrostatic attraction between polar groups that
occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom such as
nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F) experiences attraction to some other nearby
highly electronegative atom.
chemical reactions alter bonds! - Answer ✔✔-
Properties of water - Answer ✔✔- Polar molecule
Cohesion and adhesion
High specific heat
, Density - greatest at 4oC
Universal solvent of life
Chemistry of carbon - Answer ✔✔-
6 elements make up macromolecules - Answer ✔✔- Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
Hydrates, Phospherus
monomers - Answer ✔✔- molecule that is able to bond in long chains.
polymers - Answer ✔✔- substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are
composed of a large number of repeating units
macromolecule - Answer ✔✔- Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
4 Groups of macromolecules, structure, function, and Examples - Answer ✔✔- Nucleic
acids: DNA & RNA; molecules that enable living organisms to reproduce genetic
information from one generation to the next
Carbohydrates: Molecules that provide fuel and build structures in the body
Proteins: Molecules that provide structural support, storage, transport, cell
communication, movement, and defense
Lipids: Molecules that store energy and regulate the body's metabolic processes
carbohydrates - Answer ✔✔- (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made
from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g.
glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) are relatively small molecules. They are often
called sugars.
Nucleic Acids - Answer ✔✔- biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known
forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides.
proteins - Answer ✔✔- organic compounds that contain the element nitrogen as well as
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are the most diverse group of biologically
important substances and are often considered to be the central compound necessary
for life.
Lipids - Answer ✔✔- group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes,
sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides,
diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
cell size - Answer ✔✔- Cell size is limited.
-As cell size increases, it takes longer for material to diffuse from the cell membrane to
the interior of the cell.
