NR283 PATHO EXAM 2 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Left sided heart failure - ANS 1. dysPnea, Shortness of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure - ANS 1. Jugular Vein Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects - ANS • Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather
• Delayed growth and development
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,which valves are usually affected with valvular defects? - ANS aortic and pulmonary valves
What is stenosis? - ANS narrowing of a valve which restricts the forward flow of blood
What is valvular incompetence? - ANS failure of valve to close completely which causes the
blood to regurgitates or leaks backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves - ANS Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Hypertension is categorized into two categories: - ANS primary-essential hypertension;
idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint
cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled hypertension? - ANS chronic renal
failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure.
Treatments of hypertension - ANS drug therapy-alpha and beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mild
diuretics. lifestyle changes, quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension - ANS -Frequently asymptomatic in early stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
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, orthostatic hypotension - ANS Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural
changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
shock - ANS A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation
to enable every body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock - ANS loss of circulating blood volume
cardiogenic shock - ANS Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to circulation; heart is
unable to pump properly
Vasogenic Shock - ANS Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone.
caused by Pain and fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock - ANS Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
septic shock - ANS Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Compensation mechanisms during shock - ANS • heart rate increases
• Renin is secreted to activate angiotensin, a vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone to increase blood
volume.
• Increased secretion of ADH also promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys to increase
blood volume and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
• Glucocorticoids are secreted that help stabilize the vascular system.
• Acidosis stimulates respirations, increasing oxygen supplies and reducing carbon dioxide
levels.
complications of shock - ANS Acute renal failure
Shock lung, or adult respiratory distress syndrome
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Left sided heart failure - ANS 1. dysPnea, Shortness of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure - ANS 1. Jugular Vein Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects - ANS • Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold weather
• Delayed growth and development
COPYRIGHT © 2025 THESTAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,which valves are usually affected with valvular defects? - ANS aortic and pulmonary valves
What is stenosis? - ANS narrowing of a valve which restricts the forward flow of blood
What is valvular incompetence? - ANS failure of valve to close completely which causes the
blood to regurgitates or leaks backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves - ANS Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Hypertension is categorized into two categories: - ANS primary-essential hypertension;
idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint
cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled hypertension? - ANS chronic renal
failure, stroke due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure.
Treatments of hypertension - ANS drug therapy-alpha and beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mild
diuretics. lifestyle changes, quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension - ANS -Frequently asymptomatic in early stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
COPYRIGHT © 2025 THESTAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, orthostatic hypotension - ANS Decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural
changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
shock - ANS A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation
to enable every body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock - ANS loss of circulating blood volume
cardiogenic shock - ANS Inability of heart to maintain cardiac output to circulation; heart is
unable to pump properly
Vasogenic Shock - ANS Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone.
caused by Pain and fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock - ANS Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction.
septic shock - ANS Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection.
Compensation mechanisms during shock - ANS • heart rate increases
• Renin is secreted to activate angiotensin, a vasoconstrictor, and aldosterone to increase blood
volume.
• Increased secretion of ADH also promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys to increase
blood volume and acts as a vasoconstrictor.
• Glucocorticoids are secreted that help stabilize the vascular system.
• Acidosis stimulates respirations, increasing oxygen supplies and reducing carbon dioxide
levels.
complications of shock - ANS Acute renal failure
Shock lung, or adult respiratory distress syndrome
COPYRIGHT © 2025 THESTAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
