Bio 201 Midterm Exam 2 2025

What is the difference between "anatomy" and "physiology"? - -anatomy is when you learn about the structure of body parts, physiology is when you study the functions and relationship of the body part List the levels of organization from simplest to most complex. - -Subatomic Particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms Atom: tiny particles that make up elements (hydrogen, carbon) Molecule: particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose) Macromolecule: large particles consisting of molecules (D N A, protein) Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome) cell - -The basic unit of structure and function in living things Tissue - -A group of similar cells that perform the same function. organ - -group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions System - -A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal. Homeostasis - -A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state Metabolism - -All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism positive feedback mechanism - -the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated negative feedback mechanism - -feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end human life depends on what 5 environmental factors - -water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure identify the parts of a basic homeostatic mechanism - -receptors: provide info on specific stimuli in the internal environment control center: includes a set point, tells what a particular value should be effector: such as muscles or gands which elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment locations of the major body cavities - - visceral layer - -Inner layer, covers organs BIO201 BIO201 parietal layer - -outter layer, lines the internal surface of the body wall Atomical position - -body is erect, feet parallel, arms at sides with palms forward Identify the basic types of intercellular junctions. - - juntions ing junctions somes 4. hemidesmosomes 5. gap junctions List the 4 major types of tissue. Know the general characteristics of each basic type. Know the subcategories of each type and where those tissues can be located in the human body. - -epithelial: covers and lines budy structures; in addition to this covering/ lining function, some epithelial tissues may be specialized for secretion connective tissue: fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transport materials and stores energy muscle tissue: specialized for contraction to produce some kind of movement ' nervous tissue: communicates and regulates by sending action potentials through the body endocrine glands - -Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream exocrine glands - -secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body goblet cells - -a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus. distinguish between the types of fibers found in connective tissue. - -collagen elastic reticular what are the three types of cartilage - -hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage What is the functional unit of compact bone? Describe the organization of this unit. Name the mature bone cells. - -osteon Osteoblasts - -bone forming cells osteoclasts - -Bone-destroying cells Three formed elements of blood - -red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets BIO201 BIO201 serous membrane - -Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body mucous membrane - -Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. cutaneous membrane - -skin Three types of muscle tissue - -skeletal, cardiac, smooth the functional cell in nervous tissue is called a - -glial cells Identify the two basic layers of the skin and give the basic tissues found in each. - epidermis and dermis. epithelium dominates the epidermal layer and connective tissue dominates the dermis. Describe the composition of the epidermis. Which layer undergoes mitosis? - -stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum. The stratum basal and granulosum undergoes mitosis. melanocytes - -package the melanin in vescicles in narrow projections from the cell. nearby keratinocytes eat these melanin rich tips and position the melanin over the side of the neucleus facing the light. What is cyanosis and what causes it - -cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin in the small blood vessels supplyong those areas How can blood vessels affect skin color? - -Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues 3 types of skin cancer - -basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma Explain the ABCD rule. - -The ABCD rule describes the appearance of the most serious form of skin cancer, melanoma. The "A" is for asymmetry. In melanoma, the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match. The "B" is for border irregularity. In melanoma, the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations. The "C" is for color. In melanoma, the pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds). The "D" is for diameter. In melanoma, the spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser). Name the two basic layers found in the dermis. - -pappilary dermis and reticular dermis How are fingerprints formed? - -A person's fingerprints are formed when they are a tiny developing baby in their mother's womb. Pressure on the fingers from the baby BIO201 BIO201 touching, and their surroundings create what are called "friction ridges", the faint lines you see on your fingers and toes. Label the parts of a nail. - - Name the muscle associated with hair follicles. - -arrector pili muscles sebaceous glands - -microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals distinguish between merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands. - -Merocrine coil in deep dermis,duct in dermis,pore at surface. Salts and wastes (urea and uric acid), no odor, respond to elevated temperature / exercise. Forehead, neck, back Apocrine- ducts terminate into hair follicles. Secretion content oil and cellular debris, odor at secretion. Respond to stress/emotion. Armpit, groin How does the skin help regulate body temperature? - -Important to regulate body temperature; slight shift can disrupt rates of metabolic reactions Set point is monitored by Hypothalamus Deep body temperature stays close to set point of 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit Skin plays key role in homeostatic mechanisms that regulate body temperature. identify the four signs of inflammation - -1. redness due to vasodilation in the injured area and warmth due to hyperemia or increased blood flow to the area 2. swelling or edema due to the shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space 3. pain resulting from increased fluid pressure on nerve endings and the irritation caused by chemical mediators 4. loss of function if cells lack nutrients or if swelling interferes with joint movement describe the process of wound healing (page 193) - -1. home