MARYVILLE NURS 615 PHARM MIDTERM EXAM WITH 100% RATED
CORRECT REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS| GRADED
A+ |2025 LATEST VERSION | 100% VERIFIED
1. What is delirium?: A sudden onset of severe confusion and disorientation
that is usually caused by an underlying medical condition (UTI, sepsis, etc)
2. What is mild neurocognitive disorder (dementia)?: A subtle decline in
cognitive abilities that does not significantly interfere with daily life. 50% of
individuals with
MCD will progress to Alzheimer's disease over 4 years
3. What is major neurocognitive disorder?: A significant decline in cognitive
abilities that interferes with daily activities and independence
4. What is the etiology of major neurocognitive disorder?: more prevalent
in women, family history is common, patients with DM, smoking, HTN, CVA 5.
What are signs and symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder?: -
Short-term memory loss, word-finding difficulty, visuospatial dysfunction, and
executive dysfunction
,6. What is alzheimer's disease?: caused by a buildup of proteins (amyloids) in
the neocortex
7. What are s/s of alzheimer's disease?: memory loss, changes in behavior,
difficulty completing tasks. Depression, social withdrawal, and anxiety occur in
early disease stages and may represent a prodrome before cognitive
symptoms are apparent
8. How to diagnose alzheimer's disease?: Amyloid PET imaging confirms the
presence of neuritic and diffuse plaques throughout the neocortex
9. Treatment for alzheimer's disease: Slow cognitive decline, manage
symptoms (cognitive, behavioral), support caregivers—no disease-modifying
cure exists yet.
Cholinesterase inhibitors (improve symptoms): Donepezil (5-10 mg/day),
Rivastigmine (6-12 mg/day oral, 9.5-13.3 mg patch), Galantamine (16-24 mg/day).
Boost acetylcholine (depleted in AD) by inhibiting breakdown—helps memory,
attention.
NMDA receptor antagonist Drug: Memantine (10 mg BID or 28 mg XR). Blocks
glutamate excitotoxicity—protects neurons, aids moderate-severe AD.
,10. What is parkinson's disease?: Dopamine Neuron Loss: PD stems from
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta
(SNpc), a region of the midbrain. This reduces dopamine in the basal ganglia
(striatum), disrupting motor control circuits.
11. Pathology of parkinson's: Lewy Bodies: Intracellular aggregates of
misfolded alpha-synuclein protein are the hallmark. They spread in a
predictable pattern (Braak staging), starting in the brainstem and progressing
to the cortex.
12. How to diagnose parkinson's: PD is a clinical diagnosis—no single test
confirms it. Based on history, exam, and response to therapy, per Movement
Disorder Society (MDS) criteria. Imaging and biomarkers aid but aren't
definitive.
13. Signs and symptoms: Cardinal Motor Symptoms (Core for Diagnosis):
Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement—must be present. Seen as reduced arm
swing, slow finger taps.
Resting Tremor: 4-6 Hz "pill-rolling" tremor in hands (70% of cases), worse at rest,
fades with action.
Rigidity: Stiff muscles—lead-pipe or cogwheel (with tremor) on exam.
, Postural Instability: Late feature—falls, unsteady stance.
MDS Rule: Bradykinesia + e1 of tremor/rigidity = parkinsonism; PD if supportive
features present.
14. Parkinson's treatment: Levodopa (Gold Standard): Levodopa/Carbidopa
(Sinemet)—carbidopa prevents peripheral breakdown. Converted to dopamine
in brain—replaces what's lost.
Dopamine Agonists: Pramipexole (0.5-4.5 mg/day), Ropinirole (2-24 mg/day),
Rotigotine (patch, 2-8 mg/day). Mimic dopamine at receptors—less potent than
levodopa. 15. What is vascular dementia?: Vascular dementia is a progressive
cognitive impairment caused by reduced or blocked blood supply to parts of the
brain, leading to neuronal damage or death. It's a broad term encompassing
dementia from strokes (large or small), chronic hypoperfusion, or microvascular
disease.
16. What causes vascular dementia?: Cerebrovascular Damage: Brain tissue
dies due to ischemia (lack of oxygen) from blocked or narrowed blood vessels,
disrupting cognition based on the location and extent of injury
17. Risk factors for vascular dementia: Vascular: Hypertension (key driver),
diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease.
CORRECT REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS| GRADED
A+ |2025 LATEST VERSION | 100% VERIFIED
1. What is delirium?: A sudden onset of severe confusion and disorientation
that is usually caused by an underlying medical condition (UTI, sepsis, etc)
2. What is mild neurocognitive disorder (dementia)?: A subtle decline in
cognitive abilities that does not significantly interfere with daily life. 50% of
individuals with
MCD will progress to Alzheimer's disease over 4 years
3. What is major neurocognitive disorder?: A significant decline in cognitive
abilities that interferes with daily activities and independence
4. What is the etiology of major neurocognitive disorder?: more prevalent
in women, family history is common, patients with DM, smoking, HTN, CVA 5.
What are signs and symptoms of major neurocognitive disorder?: -
Short-term memory loss, word-finding difficulty, visuospatial dysfunction, and
executive dysfunction
,6. What is alzheimer's disease?: caused by a buildup of proteins (amyloids) in
the neocortex
7. What are s/s of alzheimer's disease?: memory loss, changes in behavior,
difficulty completing tasks. Depression, social withdrawal, and anxiety occur in
early disease stages and may represent a prodrome before cognitive
symptoms are apparent
8. How to diagnose alzheimer's disease?: Amyloid PET imaging confirms the
presence of neuritic and diffuse plaques throughout the neocortex
9. Treatment for alzheimer's disease: Slow cognitive decline, manage
symptoms (cognitive, behavioral), support caregivers—no disease-modifying
cure exists yet.
Cholinesterase inhibitors (improve symptoms): Donepezil (5-10 mg/day),
Rivastigmine (6-12 mg/day oral, 9.5-13.3 mg patch), Galantamine (16-24 mg/day).
Boost acetylcholine (depleted in AD) by inhibiting breakdown—helps memory,
attention.
NMDA receptor antagonist Drug: Memantine (10 mg BID or 28 mg XR). Blocks
glutamate excitotoxicity—protects neurons, aids moderate-severe AD.
,10. What is parkinson's disease?: Dopamine Neuron Loss: PD stems from
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta
(SNpc), a region of the midbrain. This reduces dopamine in the basal ganglia
(striatum), disrupting motor control circuits.
11. Pathology of parkinson's: Lewy Bodies: Intracellular aggregates of
misfolded alpha-synuclein protein are the hallmark. They spread in a
predictable pattern (Braak staging), starting in the brainstem and progressing
to the cortex.
12. How to diagnose parkinson's: PD is a clinical diagnosis—no single test
confirms it. Based on history, exam, and response to therapy, per Movement
Disorder Society (MDS) criteria. Imaging and biomarkers aid but aren't
definitive.
13. Signs and symptoms: Cardinal Motor Symptoms (Core for Diagnosis):
Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement—must be present. Seen as reduced arm
swing, slow finger taps.
Resting Tremor: 4-6 Hz "pill-rolling" tremor in hands (70% of cases), worse at rest,
fades with action.
Rigidity: Stiff muscles—lead-pipe or cogwheel (with tremor) on exam.
, Postural Instability: Late feature—falls, unsteady stance.
MDS Rule: Bradykinesia + e1 of tremor/rigidity = parkinsonism; PD if supportive
features present.
14. Parkinson's treatment: Levodopa (Gold Standard): Levodopa/Carbidopa
(Sinemet)—carbidopa prevents peripheral breakdown. Converted to dopamine
in brain—replaces what's lost.
Dopamine Agonists: Pramipexole (0.5-4.5 mg/day), Ropinirole (2-24 mg/day),
Rotigotine (patch, 2-8 mg/day). Mimic dopamine at receptors—less potent than
levodopa. 15. What is vascular dementia?: Vascular dementia is a progressive
cognitive impairment caused by reduced or blocked blood supply to parts of the
brain, leading to neuronal damage or death. It's a broad term encompassing
dementia from strokes (large or small), chronic hypoperfusion, or microvascular
disease.
16. What causes vascular dementia?: Cerebrovascular Damage: Brain tissue
dies due to ischemia (lack of oxygen) from blocked or narrowed blood vessels,
disrupting cognition based on the location and extent of injury
17. Risk factors for vascular dementia: Vascular: Hypertension (key driver),
diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease.
