NBME PATHOLOGY FINAL EXAM TEST BANK EXAM COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025 UPDATE!

NBME PATHOLOGY FINAL EXAM TEST /| /| /| /| /|




BANK EXAM COMPREHENSIVE /| /| /|




QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS /| /| /| /|




2025 UPDATE! /|




Exceptions to the rule of how carcinomas spread: - ✔✔✔ Correct
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Answer > Renal cell carcinoma (spreads via invasion of renal vein)
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hepatocellular carcinoma (invades hepatic vein), follicular carcinoma of
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the thyroid, choriocarcinoma, which both spread hematogenously also.
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A benign tumor of the epithelium is a: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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adenoma, papilloma /|




Necrosis: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Exogenous injury causes
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enzymatic degradation and protein denaturation of a cell. IC
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components extravasate. **There's an inflammatory process unlike
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apoptosis**


Coagulative necrosis occurs in the: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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Caused by ischemia or infarction typically. heart, liver, kidney. Occurs
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in tissues supplied by end arteries. High cytoplasmic binding of
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acidophilic dye. /|




Proteins denature first followed by enzymatic degradation.
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,Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >/| /| /| /| /| /| /| /| /| /|




brain, bacterial abscess and pleural effusion. Occurs in CNS because
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of high fat content there. Unlike coag necrosis, enzymatic degradation
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due to release of lysosomal enzymes occurs first.
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A malignant tumor of epithelium is: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma /| /|




A benign tumor of the blood vessels: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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hemangioma


Basic characteristics of a benign tumor: - ✔✔✔ Correct
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Answer > well-differentiated, no necrosis, well demarcated, no
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metastases, low mitotic activity /| /| /|




Basic characteristics of a malignant tumor: - ✔✔✔ Correct
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Answer > may be poorly differentiated, erratic growth, locally
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invasive / diffuse, may metastasize, low apoptosis
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What's the mechanism behind low apoptosis in malignancies? -
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✔✔✔ Correct Answer > upregulation of telomerase prevents
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shortening of the telomeres and thus cell death. /| /| /| /| /| /| /|

,Cachexia: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > weight loss, muscle atrophy
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and fatigue that occur in the setting of chronic disease (AIDS, cancer,
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heart failure, TB). Mediated by TNF-alpha (called cachectin) IFN-
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gamma and IL-6. /| /|




DISEASE -- CANCER Associations: Acanthosis nigricans
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(hyperpigmentation and epithelial thickening) - ✔✔✔ Correct /| /| /| /| /| /| /|




Answer > visceral malignany (esp stomach)
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A malignant tumor of blood vessels: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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angiosarcoma


CEA: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen.
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Very nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic
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cancers; also produced by gastric, breast and medullary thyroid
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carcinomas


PSA: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > prostate-specific antigen. Used
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to follow prostate adenocarcinoma. Can also be elevated in BPH
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(benign prostatic hyperplasia) and prostatitis. Questionable risk /
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benefit for screening. /| /|




S-100: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > neural crest origin, ie
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melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas, langerhan's cell /| /| /| /| /| /|




histiocytosis.

, TRAP: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer > Tatrate-resistant acid
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phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia--a B cell neoplasm.
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A malignant tumor of blood: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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leukemia, lymphoma /|




A benign tumor of smooth muscle: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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Leiomyoma


A malignant tumor of smooth muscle: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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leiomyosarcoma


A benign tumor of striated muscle: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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rhabdomyoma


A malignant tumor of striated muscle: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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rhabdomyosarcoma


A benign tumor of connective tissue: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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fibroma


A malignant tumor of connective tissue: - ✔✔✔ Correct Answer >
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fibrosarcoma