NR 566 MIDTERM/NR566 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY FOR CARE OF THE FAMILY
MIDTERM EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 500 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+
β-lactam antibiotic MOA - answerAll antibiotics in class share the same
mechanism of action: disruption of the bacterial cell wall.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Empiric Therapy - answerstart treatment without cultures or prior to
receiving the results of a culture
immediate empiric antibiotics - answerCritically ill patients receive (Fill
in the Answer) after the first set of cultures obtained; do not wait for
results.
Bactericidal antibiotics - answerDirectly kill bacteria: Agents include
aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most
antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and vancomycin.
preferred for immunocompromised patients such as those with
diabetes, HIV, or cancer and for those who have overwhelming
infections
,Bacteriostatic agents - answerinhibit bacterial proliferation while the
host's immune system does the killing. Agents include clindamycin,
macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
β-lactam Antibiotics - answerPenicillins, Cephalosporins,
Carbapenems, Monobactams
Penicillins MOA - answerWeaken bacterial cell wall by two actions:
(1) inhibition of transpeptidases
(2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.
PBPs (Penicillin Binding Proteins) - answerTranspeptidases,
Autolysins, and other bacterial enzymes are collectively named as
because antibiotic class must bind to them to produce antibacterial
effects.
gram-positive bacteria - answertwo layers: the cytoplasmic membrane
and a relatively thick cell wall; penicillins are generally very active
against these organisms.
gram-negative bacteria - answerthree layers: the cytoplasmic
membrane, a relatively thin cell wall, and an additional outer
membrane; only certain penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) are able to cross
and reach penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
Four Major Groups of Penicillins - answer(1) narrow-spectrum
penicillins that are penicillinase sensitive
(2) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase resistant
(antistaphylococcal penicillins)
,(3) broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
(4) extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins).
narrow-spectrum penicillins: Penicillinase sensitive penicillins -
answerPenicillin G, Penicillin V
narrow-spectrum penicillinase sensitive susceptible pathogens -
answerStreptococci, Neisseria, anaerobes
very narrow antimicrobial spectrum and are used only against
penicillinase-producing strains of staphylococci (S. aureus and S.
epidermidis). - answernarrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase
resistant penicillins
narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase resistant penicillins -
answerNafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin
narrow-spectrum- penicillinase resistant susceptible pathogens -
answerS. Aureus, S. Epidermidis
Drugs of choice for most staphylococcal infections -
answerpenicillinase-resistant penicillins (Nafcillin, Oxacillin,
Dicloxacillin)
Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins - answerAmpicillin,
Amoxicillin
, Broad spectrum Aminopenicillin susceptible pathogens -
answerHaemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extended spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillin) -
answerPiperacillin
Has the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin G, plus increased
activity against certain gram-negative bacilli, including Haemophilus
influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella -
answerBroad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins
First line for acute otitis media and sinusitis - answerAmoxicillin
Extended spectrum penicillins suceptible pathogens -
answerHaemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas, enterobactor,
klebsiella
Principle pathogenic target of Piperacillin - answerPseudomonas
aeruginosa
beta-lactamase inhibitors to broaden penicillin spectrum -
answerclavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
Penicillin/Beta-Lactamase Combinations - answerAmpicillin/sulbactam
(Unasyn)
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)
MRSA Drug of Choice - answerVancomycin
PHARMACOLOGY FOR CARE OF THE FAMILY
MIDTERM EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 500 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+
β-lactam antibiotic MOA - answerAll antibiotics in class share the same
mechanism of action: disruption of the bacterial cell wall.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Empiric Therapy - answerstart treatment without cultures or prior to
receiving the results of a culture
immediate empiric antibiotics - answerCritically ill patients receive (Fill
in the Answer) after the first set of cultures obtained; do not wait for
results.
Bactericidal antibiotics - answerDirectly kill bacteria: Agents include
aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, most
antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and vancomycin.
preferred for immunocompromised patients such as those with
diabetes, HIV, or cancer and for those who have overwhelming
infections
,Bacteriostatic agents - answerinhibit bacterial proliferation while the
host's immune system does the killing. Agents include clindamycin,
macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
β-lactam Antibiotics - answerPenicillins, Cephalosporins,
Carbapenems, Monobactams
Penicillins MOA - answerWeaken bacterial cell wall by two actions:
(1) inhibition of transpeptidases
(2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.
PBPs (Penicillin Binding Proteins) - answerTranspeptidases,
Autolysins, and other bacterial enzymes are collectively named as
because antibiotic class must bind to them to produce antibacterial
effects.
gram-positive bacteria - answertwo layers: the cytoplasmic membrane
and a relatively thick cell wall; penicillins are generally very active
against these organisms.
gram-negative bacteria - answerthree layers: the cytoplasmic
membrane, a relatively thin cell wall, and an additional outer
membrane; only certain penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) are able to cross
and reach penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
Four Major Groups of Penicillins - answer(1) narrow-spectrum
penicillins that are penicillinase sensitive
(2) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase resistant
(antistaphylococcal penicillins)
,(3) broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
(4) extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins).
narrow-spectrum penicillins: Penicillinase sensitive penicillins -
answerPenicillin G, Penicillin V
narrow-spectrum penicillinase sensitive susceptible pathogens -
answerStreptococci, Neisseria, anaerobes
very narrow antimicrobial spectrum and are used only against
penicillinase-producing strains of staphylococci (S. aureus and S.
epidermidis). - answernarrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase
resistant penicillins
narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase resistant penicillins -
answerNafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin
narrow-spectrum- penicillinase resistant susceptible pathogens -
answerS. Aureus, S. Epidermidis
Drugs of choice for most staphylococcal infections -
answerpenicillinase-resistant penicillins (Nafcillin, Oxacillin,
Dicloxacillin)
Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins - answerAmpicillin,
Amoxicillin
, Broad spectrum Aminopenicillin susceptible pathogens -
answerHaemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extended spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillin) -
answerPiperacillin
Has the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin G, plus increased
activity against certain gram-negative bacilli, including Haemophilus
influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella -
answerBroad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins
First line for acute otitis media and sinusitis - answerAmoxicillin
Extended spectrum penicillins suceptible pathogens -
answerHaemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pseudomonas, enterobactor,
klebsiella
Principle pathogenic target of Piperacillin - answerPseudomonas
aeruginosa
beta-lactamase inhibitors to broaden penicillin spectrum -
answerclavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
Penicillin/Beta-Lactamase Combinations - answerAmpicillin/sulbactam
(Unasyn)
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)
MRSA Drug of Choice - answerVancomycin
