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Expert solutions
Bio 2301 Exam 3 Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
Cardiac Output (CO)
✓✓ The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minuet (avg. CO =
5L or 5000 ml)
*CO* = *HR* x *SV*
Stroke Volume (SV)
✓✓ The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each beat
*Sympathetic* Nervous System effect on CO
✓✓ Causes *Increased* HR & *Increased* SV --> *Increases* CO
*Parasympathetic* Nervous System effect on CO
✓✓ Causes *Decreased* HR --> *Decreases* CO
Factors that Regulate Stroke Volume
✓✓ *Preload:* the filling pressure of the heart at the *End of Diastole*
*Contractility:* the inherent vigor of contraction of the heart muscles *during
Systole*
*Afterload:* the pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood
*during Systole*
Starlings Law
✓✓ The relationship between Preload (Left Atrial Pressure) and Stroke Volume
The heart will pump out whatever is put into it (if the heart is filled to a greater
volume at the end of Diastole, it will eject a greater Stroke Volume)
Larger volume of Blood pumped INTO ventricles --> Cardiac muscle fibers
Stretch --> Increase force of Contraction --> Increase Stroke Volume --> Increase
Cardiac Output
,2
Expert solutions
How does Exercise affect Resting HR & Max CO: *Trained Athlete*
✓✓ *Lower* HR & *Higher* SV --> *Higher* CO
How does Exercise affect Resting HR & Max CO: *Untrained Athlete*
✓✓ *Higher* HR & *Lower* SV --> *Lower* CO
3 Cardiovascular parameters that directly influence Blood Pressure
✓✓ Blood Pressure = Flow x Resistance
Influenced by:
-*Heart Rate*
-*Stroke Volume*
-*Total Peripheral Resistance*
*BP* = *HR* x *SV* x *TPR*
(*BP* = *CO* x *TPR*)
Systolic Blood Pressure
✓✓ The *MAXIMUM* arterial pressure reached during peak Ventricular
Ejection
Arteries contain the *MOST* amount of blood
(heart just pumped all the blood into them)
Top # on BP
(avg = *120* mmHg)
Diastolic Blood Pressure
✓✓ The *MINIMUM* arterial pressure occurs just Before Ventricular Ejection
begins (during Ventricular Relaxation)
Arteries contain the *LEAST* amount of blood
(blood just left them and is returning to the heart)
Bottom # on BP
(avg = *70-80* mmHg)
Baroreceptors
, 3
Expert solutions
✓✓ Sensory receptors that monitor Blood Pressure
Located in the *Carotid Arteries* & *Aortic Arch*
Baroreceptor Reflex
✓✓ Baroreceptors detect changes in Blood Pressure --> Signal sent to Medulla of
Brainstem --> Heart Rated adjusted
Responce to *Decreased BP*
✓✓ *Increases* CO (*Increases* HR, *Increases* SV) & *Increases* Resistance
To bring BP back UP to normal
Responce to *Increased BP*
✓✓ *Decreases* CO (*Decreases* HR) & *Decreases* Resistance
To bring BP back DOWN to normal
3 Factors that affect Vascular Resistance
✓✓ -*Diameter* of Blood Vessels
-*Length* of Blood Vessels
-*Viscosity* of blood
Diameter of Blood Vessels
✓✓ *Vasoconstriction* -->
*Increased* Resistance -->
*Increased* BP
*Vasodilation* -->
*Decreased* Resistance -->
*Decreased* BP
Length of Blood Vessels
Expert solutions
Bio 2301 Exam 3 Questions and Answers (100%
Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
Cardiac Output (CO)
✓✓ The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minuet (avg. CO =
5L or 5000 ml)
*CO* = *HR* x *SV*
Stroke Volume (SV)
✓✓ The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each beat
*Sympathetic* Nervous System effect on CO
✓✓ Causes *Increased* HR & *Increased* SV --> *Increases* CO
*Parasympathetic* Nervous System effect on CO
✓✓ Causes *Decreased* HR --> *Decreases* CO
Factors that Regulate Stroke Volume
✓✓ *Preload:* the filling pressure of the heart at the *End of Diastole*
*Contractility:* the inherent vigor of contraction of the heart muscles *during
Systole*
*Afterload:* the pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood
*during Systole*
Starlings Law
✓✓ The relationship between Preload (Left Atrial Pressure) and Stroke Volume
The heart will pump out whatever is put into it (if the heart is filled to a greater
volume at the end of Diastole, it will eject a greater Stroke Volume)
Larger volume of Blood pumped INTO ventricles --> Cardiac muscle fibers
Stretch --> Increase force of Contraction --> Increase Stroke Volume --> Increase
Cardiac Output
,2
Expert solutions
How does Exercise affect Resting HR & Max CO: *Trained Athlete*
✓✓ *Lower* HR & *Higher* SV --> *Higher* CO
How does Exercise affect Resting HR & Max CO: *Untrained Athlete*
✓✓ *Higher* HR & *Lower* SV --> *Lower* CO
3 Cardiovascular parameters that directly influence Blood Pressure
✓✓ Blood Pressure = Flow x Resistance
Influenced by:
-*Heart Rate*
-*Stroke Volume*
-*Total Peripheral Resistance*
*BP* = *HR* x *SV* x *TPR*
(*BP* = *CO* x *TPR*)
Systolic Blood Pressure
✓✓ The *MAXIMUM* arterial pressure reached during peak Ventricular
Ejection
Arteries contain the *MOST* amount of blood
(heart just pumped all the blood into them)
Top # on BP
(avg = *120* mmHg)
Diastolic Blood Pressure
✓✓ The *MINIMUM* arterial pressure occurs just Before Ventricular Ejection
begins (during Ventricular Relaxation)
Arteries contain the *LEAST* amount of blood
(blood just left them and is returning to the heart)
Bottom # on BP
(avg = *70-80* mmHg)
Baroreceptors
, 3
Expert solutions
✓✓ Sensory receptors that monitor Blood Pressure
Located in the *Carotid Arteries* & *Aortic Arch*
Baroreceptor Reflex
✓✓ Baroreceptors detect changes in Blood Pressure --> Signal sent to Medulla of
Brainstem --> Heart Rated adjusted
Responce to *Decreased BP*
✓✓ *Increases* CO (*Increases* HR, *Increases* SV) & *Increases* Resistance
To bring BP back UP to normal
Responce to *Increased BP*
✓✓ *Decreases* CO (*Decreases* HR) & *Decreases* Resistance
To bring BP back DOWN to normal
3 Factors that affect Vascular Resistance
✓✓ -*Diameter* of Blood Vessels
-*Length* of Blood Vessels
-*Viscosity* of blood
Diameter of Blood Vessels
✓✓ *Vasoconstriction* -->
*Increased* Resistance -->
*Increased* BP
*Vasodilation* -->
*Decreased* Resistance -->
*Decreased* BP
Length of Blood Vessels
