PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - BIOD331 - MODULE 2 NEWEST ACTUAL
2025/2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
VERIFIED/GRADED A+
The dysregulated nature of cancer often leads to a ______
frequency of genetic errors and therefore an increase in its
________ _________ - ----Answers---High; genetic instability
______ refers to chromosomes lost or gained - ----Answers--
-aneuploidy
______ refers to insertions, deletions, and amplifications of
chromosomes - ----Answers---intrachromosomal instability
________ refers to short, repetitive sequences of DNA - ----
Answers---Microsatellite instability
______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single
nucleotide - ----Answers---Point mutations
____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate even in
the absence of growth factors - ----Answers---Growth factor
independence
,In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without growth
factors? - ----Answers---1. Divide w/o binding of growth
factor to receptors
2. Produce own growth factors
3. Abnormal receptors or signaling proteins
___________ the cessation of growth after cells reach a certain
density, is often lost in cancer cells - ----Answers---Cell
density-dependent inhibition
In cancer cells, _____ _______ ________ ________are lost, meaning
cells do not stick together. This, in turn, permits the surface
cells of the tumor to shed into the surrounding body fluids or
secretions. - ----Answers---Cell cohesiveness and adhesion
Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without normal
attachments to other cells or the extracellular matrix. this is
an example of: - ----Answers---Anchorage dependence
In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular connections
and the responsiveness to membrane-derived signals. This
refers to: - ----Answers---Cell-to-cell communication
Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times, thereby
achieving immortality. This refers to: - ----Answers---
Unlimited life span
,While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on chromosomes,
typically shorten with each cell division, most cancer cells
keep high levels of _________, an enzyme that prevents
telomere shortening - ----Answers---Telomerase
Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or
antigens that are immunologically different from its normal
tissue counterpart. This refers to: - ----Answers---Antigen
expression
Cancer cells often revert to ______ patterns of gene expression
and therefore produce antigens far different from the cells of
the original tissue - ----Answers---embryonic
Cancer cells can produce 3 things which promote metastasis -
----Answers---1. Enzymes
2. Hormones
3. Other substances
The word cancer is latin for - ----Answers---Crablike
_________ of cancer cells describes the process of how shed
tumor cells enter circulation and move into similar or different
body cavities - ----Answers---Seeding
Where does seeding most often occur? - ----Answers---
peritoneal cavity
, As cancer cells are disturbed during removal, the cancerous
cells may _____ - ----Answers---Migrate
________ describes when a secondary tumor develops in a
location distant from the primary tumor - ----Answers---
Metastasis
Metastasis occurs via _____ - ----Answers---the lymph
channels and blood vessels
The ____ ______ is the first lymph node to which the primary
tumor drains - ----Answers---Sentinel node
The development of new blood vessels within the tumor is
termed _______ - ----Answers---angiogenesis
When cells establish an adequate blood supply, the rate of
tissue growth in both normal and cancerous tissue depends on
three factors: - ----Answers---1. Number of cells that are
actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle
2. The duration of the cell cycle
3. Number of cells being lost relative to the number of new
cells being produced
______________ is the ratio of dividing cells to resting cells. - ---
-Answers---Growth fraction
2025/2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
VERIFIED/GRADED A+
The dysregulated nature of cancer often leads to a ______
frequency of genetic errors and therefore an increase in its
________ _________ - ----Answers---High; genetic instability
______ refers to chromosomes lost or gained - ----Answers--
-aneuploidy
______ refers to insertions, deletions, and amplifications of
chromosomes - ----Answers---intrachromosomal instability
________ refers to short, repetitive sequences of DNA - ----
Answers---Microsatellite instability
______ refers to specific, usually affecting only a single
nucleotide - ----Answers---Point mutations
____________ describes how cancer cells can proliferate even in
the absence of growth factors - ----Answers---Growth factor
independence
,In what ways can cancer cells rapidly divide without growth
factors? - ----Answers---1. Divide w/o binding of growth
factor to receptors
2. Produce own growth factors
3. Abnormal receptors or signaling proteins
___________ the cessation of growth after cells reach a certain
density, is often lost in cancer cells - ----Answers---Cell
density-dependent inhibition
In cancer cells, _____ _______ ________ ________are lost, meaning
cells do not stick together. This, in turn, permits the surface
cells of the tumor to shed into the surrounding body fluids or
secretions. - ----Answers---Cell cohesiveness and adhesion
Cancer cells, can remain viable and multiply without normal
attachments to other cells or the extracellular matrix. this is
an example of: - ----Answers---Anchorage dependence
In cancer cells, this interferes with intercellular connections
and the responsiveness to membrane-derived signals. This
refers to: - ----Answers---Cell-to-cell communication
Cancer cells tend to divide an infinite number of times, thereby
achieving immortality. This refers to: - ----Answers---
Unlimited life span
,While telomeres, the protective 'end-caps' on chromosomes,
typically shorten with each cell division, most cancer cells
keep high levels of _________, an enzyme that prevents
telomere shortening - ----Answers---Telomerase
Cancer cells contain several cell surface molecules or
antigens that are immunologically different from its normal
tissue counterpart. This refers to: - ----Answers---Antigen
expression
Cancer cells often revert to ______ patterns of gene expression
and therefore produce antigens far different from the cells of
the original tissue - ----Answers---embryonic
Cancer cells can produce 3 things which promote metastasis -
----Answers---1. Enzymes
2. Hormones
3. Other substances
The word cancer is latin for - ----Answers---Crablike
_________ of cancer cells describes the process of how shed
tumor cells enter circulation and move into similar or different
body cavities - ----Answers---Seeding
Where does seeding most often occur? - ----Answers---
peritoneal cavity
, As cancer cells are disturbed during removal, the cancerous
cells may _____ - ----Answers---Migrate
________ describes when a secondary tumor develops in a
location distant from the primary tumor - ----Answers---
Metastasis
Metastasis occurs via _____ - ----Answers---the lymph
channels and blood vessels
The ____ ______ is the first lymph node to which the primary
tumor drains - ----Answers---Sentinel node
The development of new blood vessels within the tumor is
termed _______ - ----Answers---angiogenesis
When cells establish an adequate blood supply, the rate of
tissue growth in both normal and cancerous tissue depends on
three factors: - ----Answers---1. Number of cells that are
actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle
2. The duration of the cell cycle
3. Number of cells being lost relative to the number of new
cells being produced
______________ is the ratio of dividing cells to resting cells. - ---
-Answers---Growth fraction
