Openstax Intro to Psychology
Psychology -
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Scientific Method -
steps used by psychologists to acquire knowledge
Hypothesis -
tentative explanation about how or why something happens
theory -
the best understanding we have of that part of the natural world
observations -
information gather by carrying out an experiment to test hypothesis
Steps of the Scientific Method -
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
empirical -
based on measurable data
empirical method -
based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only
on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
late 1800s -
when psychology became accepted as its own academic discipline
social -
psychology is a ______ science
psychology -
one of the most popular majors in the United States
6-
____% of all bachelors degrees in the US are awarded to psychology majors
Wilhelm Wundt -
first psychologist
1873 -
Principles of Psychological Psychology published in ______ by Wundt
introspection -
1
, examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
structuralism -
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to
reveal the structure of the human mind
reaction times -
Wundt experimented a lot on
one thousandth -
Wundt measured reaction time to ________________ of a second
functionalism -
focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. by
William James
Sigmund Freud -
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and
personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
psychoanalytic theory -
focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood
experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades
Psychoanalysis -
the patient talking about their experiences and selves, while not invented by Freud,
was certainly popularized by him and is still used today.
Gestalt Psychology -
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Pavlov -
Classical conditioning: dogs
Behaviorism -
shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of
observing and controlling behavior
Humanism -
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate
to all humans.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs -
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy -
Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the
effectiveness of this particular approach:
2
,Cognitive Psychology -
1967, Ulric Neisser published the first textbook entitled
American Psychological Association (APA) -
the largest organization of psychologists in the world, and its mission is to advance
and disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people.
Association for Psychological Science (APS) -
professional group of academic and research psychologists founded in 1988
Biopsychology -
how our biology influences our behavior
cognitive psychology -
area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their
relationship to our experiences and our actions.
Developmental psychology -
scientific study of development across a lifespan.
Personality psychology -
focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique.
personality traits -
identifiable characteristics that define a person
Social psychology -
focuses on how we interact with and relate to others.
Industrial-Organizational psychology -
subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research
findings in industrial and organizational settings.
Health psychology -
focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological,
and sociocultural factors.
biopsychosocial model -
sport and exercise psychology -
study the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and
performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing.
Clinical psychology -
focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other
problematic patterns of behavior.
3
, Counseling psychology -
focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals
who are considered psychologically healthy.
Forensic psychology -
field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice
PhD -
Doctor of Philosophy
dissertation -
a long research paper or bundled published articles describing research that was
conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training.
postdoctoral training programs -
allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their
research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
PsyD -
Doctor of Psychology
Empirical -
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again,
regardless of who is observing
Trephination -
Practice of making a hole in the skull, allowed evil spirits to leave the body, curing
mental illness and other disorders
D.A.R.E (Dare Abuse Resistance Education) -
Police officers coming into the classroom to educate students about the dangers of
becoming involved with alcohol and other drugs
Deductive reasoning -
results are predicted based on a general premise
Inductive reasoning -
conclusions are drawn from observations
Theory -
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Hypothesis -
A testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct and is
often worded as if-then statement
falsifiable -
4
Psychology -
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Scientific Method -
steps used by psychologists to acquire knowledge
Hypothesis -
tentative explanation about how or why something happens
theory -
the best understanding we have of that part of the natural world
observations -
information gather by carrying out an experiment to test hypothesis
Steps of the Scientific Method -
observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
empirical -
based on measurable data
empirical method -
based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only
on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
late 1800s -
when psychology became accepted as its own academic discipline
social -
psychology is a ______ science
psychology -
one of the most popular majors in the United States
6-
____% of all bachelors degrees in the US are awarded to psychology majors
Wilhelm Wundt -
first psychologist
1873 -
Principles of Psychological Psychology published in ______ by Wundt
introspection -
1
, examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
structuralism -
early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to
reveal the structure of the human mind
reaction times -
Wundt experimented a lot on
one thousandth -
Wundt measured reaction time to ________________ of a second
functionalism -
focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. by
William James
Sigmund Freud -
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and
personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
psychoanalytic theory -
focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early childhood
experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades
Psychoanalysis -
the patient talking about their experiences and selves, while not invented by Freud,
was certainly popularized by him and is still used today.
Gestalt Psychology -
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Pavlov -
Classical conditioning: dogs
Behaviorism -
shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of
observing and controlling behavior
Humanism -
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate
to all humans.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs -
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy -
Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the
effectiveness of this particular approach:
2
,Cognitive Psychology -
1967, Ulric Neisser published the first textbook entitled
American Psychological Association (APA) -
the largest organization of psychologists in the world, and its mission is to advance
and disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people.
Association for Psychological Science (APS) -
professional group of academic and research psychologists founded in 1988
Biopsychology -
how our biology influences our behavior
cognitive psychology -
area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their
relationship to our experiences and our actions.
Developmental psychology -
scientific study of development across a lifespan.
Personality psychology -
focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique.
personality traits -
identifiable characteristics that define a person
Social psychology -
focuses on how we interact with and relate to others.
Industrial-Organizational psychology -
subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research
findings in industrial and organizational settings.
Health psychology -
focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological,
and sociocultural factors.
biopsychosocial model -
sport and exercise psychology -
study the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and
performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing.
Clinical psychology -
focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other
problematic patterns of behavior.
3
, Counseling psychology -
focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals
who are considered psychologically healthy.
Forensic psychology -
field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice
PhD -
Doctor of Philosophy
dissertation -
a long research paper or bundled published articles describing research that was
conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training.
postdoctoral training programs -
allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their
research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
PsyD -
Doctor of Psychology
Empirical -
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again,
regardless of who is observing
Trephination -
Practice of making a hole in the skull, allowed evil spirits to leave the body, curing
mental illness and other disorders
D.A.R.E (Dare Abuse Resistance Education) -
Police officers coming into the classroom to educate students about the dangers of
becoming involved with alcohol and other drugs
Deductive reasoning -
results are predicted based on a general premise
Inductive reasoning -
conclusions are drawn from observations
Theory -
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Hypothesis -
A testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct and is
often worded as if-then statement
falsifiable -
4
