Anthro2B Final (2025) Actual Exam
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
.
What .are .the .2 .evolutionary .scales? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Microevolution .&
.Macroevolution
Define: .microevolution .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-below .species .level .
changes .in .gene .frequencies .in .populations .over .time, .Hardy-Weinberg
.equilibrium
Define: .macroevolution .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-above .species .level .
new .species, .higher .level .of .orders
Taxonomy .are... .and .has... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-categories .(taxa) .
hierarchical .organization .(more .inclusive .-"x .is .a .kind .of .y")
What .are .the .7 .levels .of .taxonomy? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Kingdom .(highest),
.Phylum, .Class, .Order, .Family, .Genus, .Species .(most .specific)
for .biology .today, .taxonomies .reflect... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-evolutionary
.relationships .(branching .tree .of .life)
What .are .the .criteria .for .determining .biological .species? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
animals .that .can .effectively .mate .in .nature .and .produce .healthy .fertile .offspring
,What .is .speciation? .What .does .it .involve? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-population .of
.1 .species .splitting .into .2 .species .
reproductive .isolating .mechanisms
what .are .the .2 .kinds .of .reproductive .isolating .mechanisms? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Extrinsic .- .factors .producing .geographic .isolation .of .populations .
Intrinsic .- .prezygotic .(prevents .zygote .from .being .formed, .sperm .never .reaches
.egg) .& .postzygotic .(sperm .and .egg .have .met .but .have .developmental .issues)
What .is .the .fundamental .principle .of .natural .selection? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
rate .of .change .is .directly .proportional .to .degree .of .variability .in .a .population
Define: .collary .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fate .of .all .evolutionary .lineages .is
.extinction
what .are .the .2 .types .of .evolutionary .change? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anagenesis:
.slow .change .from .every .generation .
cladogenesis: .population .from .1 .species .splitting .into .2 .(like .speciation)
Compare .and .contrast .the .2 .paces .of .evolutionary .change .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Phyletic .Gradualism: .slow .gradual .change .over .long .period .of .time,
.emphasize .anagenesis .
Punctuated .Equilibrium: .period .of .stasis .until .massive .change, .emphasize
.cladogenesis, .most .change .during .speciation .events
Define: .adaptive .radiation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-rapid .expansion .and
.diversification .of .a .group .of .organism .as .they .adapt .to .new .available
.ecological .space .
rapid .speciation, .series .of .cladogenic .events
How .does .adaptive .radiation .occur? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-species .with .high
.adaptive .potential .invades .a .new .locale .(ex: .finches .-> .galapagos .islands) .
, mutations .producing .major .adaptive .shift .which .allows .them .to .use
.environment .in .a .new .way .(ex: .aminotic .egg)
What .can .generalized .creature/species .do? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-better
.adaptive .potential, .exploit .wide .range .of .ecological .space .(live .in .broadly
.defined .eco-niche), .can .live .in .wide .# .of .environments, .eat .many .foods; ."jack
.of .all .trades"
What .can .specialized .creatures .do? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-live .in .narrowly
.defined .eco-chive, .eat .certain .foods ."ace .of .1 .trade"
what .is .the .typical .evolutionary .trend? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-generalized
.organisms .begin .adaptive .radiation .--> .competition .fuels .speciation .as
.creatures .specialize .--> .overspecialization .leads .to .extinction
Anatomical .similarity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-2 .creatures .that .are .more .similar .to
.each .other .may .share .a .more .common .recent .ancestor
Define: .homology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-similarities .between .organisms .due .to
.common .ancestor .(ex: .human .arm .& .bat .wing)
T/F: .homologous .structures .have .different .function .but .have .similar
.embryological .development .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-true
Define: .analogy .(homoplasy) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anatomical .similarity .due .to
.similar .function, .not .common .ancestry .(due .to .independent .evolution .of
.species, .not .present .in .common .ancestor)
what .are .the .2 .types .of .analogy? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Convergence- .analogy
.in .unrelated .organisms .(above .level .of .the .order) .
parallelism- .analogy .in .closely .related .organisms .(within .taxonomic .level .of .an
.order)
what .are .ancestral .traits? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-traits .that .have .been .around .for
.long .time, .retained .in .ancestral .form
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
.
What .are .the .2 .evolutionary .scales? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Microevolution .&
.Macroevolution
Define: .microevolution .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-below .species .level .
changes .in .gene .frequencies .in .populations .over .time, .Hardy-Weinberg
.equilibrium
Define: .macroevolution .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-above .species .level .
new .species, .higher .level .of .orders
Taxonomy .are... .and .has... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-categories .(taxa) .
hierarchical .organization .(more .inclusive .-"x .is .a .kind .of .y")
What .are .the .7 .levels .of .taxonomy? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Kingdom .(highest),
.Phylum, .Class, .Order, .Family, .Genus, .Species .(most .specific)
for .biology .today, .taxonomies .reflect... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-evolutionary
.relationships .(branching .tree .of .life)
What .are .the .criteria .for .determining .biological .species? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
animals .that .can .effectively .mate .in .nature .and .produce .healthy .fertile .offspring
,What .is .speciation? .What .does .it .involve? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-population .of
.1 .species .splitting .into .2 .species .
reproductive .isolating .mechanisms
what .are .the .2 .kinds .of .reproductive .isolating .mechanisms? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Extrinsic .- .factors .producing .geographic .isolation .of .populations .
Intrinsic .- .prezygotic .(prevents .zygote .from .being .formed, .sperm .never .reaches
.egg) .& .postzygotic .(sperm .and .egg .have .met .but .have .developmental .issues)
What .is .the .fundamental .principle .of .natural .selection? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
rate .of .change .is .directly .proportional .to .degree .of .variability .in .a .population
Define: .collary .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fate .of .all .evolutionary .lineages .is
.extinction
what .are .the .2 .types .of .evolutionary .change? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anagenesis:
.slow .change .from .every .generation .
cladogenesis: .population .from .1 .species .splitting .into .2 .(like .speciation)
Compare .and .contrast .the .2 .paces .of .evolutionary .change .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Phyletic .Gradualism: .slow .gradual .change .over .long .period .of .time,
.emphasize .anagenesis .
Punctuated .Equilibrium: .period .of .stasis .until .massive .change, .emphasize
.cladogenesis, .most .change .during .speciation .events
Define: .adaptive .radiation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-rapid .expansion .and
.diversification .of .a .group .of .organism .as .they .adapt .to .new .available
.ecological .space .
rapid .speciation, .series .of .cladogenic .events
How .does .adaptive .radiation .occur? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-species .with .high
.adaptive .potential .invades .a .new .locale .(ex: .finches .-> .galapagos .islands) .
, mutations .producing .major .adaptive .shift .which .allows .them .to .use
.environment .in .a .new .way .(ex: .aminotic .egg)
What .can .generalized .creature/species .do? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-better
.adaptive .potential, .exploit .wide .range .of .ecological .space .(live .in .broadly
.defined .eco-niche), .can .live .in .wide .# .of .environments, .eat .many .foods; ."jack
.of .all .trades"
What .can .specialized .creatures .do? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-live .in .narrowly
.defined .eco-chive, .eat .certain .foods ."ace .of .1 .trade"
what .is .the .typical .evolutionary .trend? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-generalized
.organisms .begin .adaptive .radiation .--> .competition .fuels .speciation .as
.creatures .specialize .--> .overspecialization .leads .to .extinction
Anatomical .similarity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-2 .creatures .that .are .more .similar .to
.each .other .may .share .a .more .common .recent .ancestor
Define: .homology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-similarities .between .organisms .due .to
.common .ancestor .(ex: .human .arm .& .bat .wing)
T/F: .homologous .structures .have .different .function .but .have .similar
.embryological .development .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-true
Define: .analogy .(homoplasy) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anatomical .similarity .due .to
.similar .function, .not .common .ancestry .(due .to .independent .evolution .of
.species, .not .present .in .common .ancestor)
what .are .the .2 .types .of .analogy? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Convergence- .analogy
.in .unrelated .organisms .(above .level .of .the .order) .
parallelism- .analogy .in .closely .related .organisms .(within .taxonomic .level .of .an
.order)
what .are .ancestral .traits? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-traits .that .have .been .around .for
.long .time, .retained .in .ancestral .form
