PHI 105 Exam with complete solutions
latest version
Deductive (deduction) - CORRECT ANSWER-The conclusion follows without
doubt from the premises. Makes the implicit explicit. Does not expand our
knowledge
Induction - CORRECT ANSWER-There is doubt and risk but new knowledge can
be found. The scientific method is based on inductive reasoning
Toulmin Model - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Where you start (Observations/Grounds)
2. Claim
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER-The internal coherence of a deductive argument
Truth - CORRECT ANSWER-Whether the things spoken of in the deductive
argument actually exist
Soundness - CORRECT ANSWER-A characteristic of a deductive argument in
which the argument is both internally coherent and true
Syllogism - CORRECT ANSWER-A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a
major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
Categorical syllogism - CORRECT ANSWER-A syllogism in which the argument
consists of claims about classes or groups or things
What are the three categorical prepositions? - CORRECT ANSWER-Two premises
and one conclusion
Premise - CORRECT ANSWER-Makes a statement connecting two classes of
things together by means of a third class
Conclusion - CORRECT ANSWER-The third statement of a syllogism, unpacks
what is already in the first two statements taken together
What are the primary categorical terms? - CORRECT ANSWER-Major, minor, and
middle
All men (1) are mortal (2) - CORRECT ANSWER-Toulmin Model
Middle term - CORRECT ANSWER-The bridging term found in both of the first two
statements
, Major premise - CORRECT ANSWER-The first part of a syllogism, consisting of a
general statement about the subject of your argument
Minor premise - CORRECT ANSWER-A statement about a specific case related to
the general characteristics of the major premise
Predicate - CORRECT ANSWER-The term connected with the major premise
(major term) and the second term of the conclusion; junior term, modifies subject
Subject - CORRECT ANSWER-The term connected with the minor premise (minor
term) and the second term of the conclusion; primary or governing term
Copula - CORRECT ANSWER-Connects the subject to the predicate, some form
of the verb "to be"
Universal - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantity of statement - the entire group or class
Particular - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantity of statement - any amount that is not
the entire group or class
Affirmative - CORRECT ANSWER-Quality of statement - positive
Negative - CORRECT ANSWER-Quality of statement - negative
Distributed - CORRECT ANSWER-If we are talking about all of the term
Undistributed - CORRECT ANSWER-If we aren't talking about all of the term
Types of statements are symbolized by... - CORRECT ANSWER-A, E, I, O
A statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Universal affirmative ("All S(d) is P(u)")
E statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Universal negative ("No S(d) is P(u)" or "All
S(d) is not P(u)"
I statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Particular affirmative ("Some S(u) is P(u)")
O statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Particular negative ("Some S(u) is not P(d)")
Statement example key - CORRECT ANSWER-S = Senior Term
P = Predicate Term
d = Distributed
u = Undistributed
Distribution Rules of Thumb - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Only three (distinct) terms
2. Middle term distribution = 1 (two instances, in premises, one distributed and
one undistributed)
3. Minor/major distribution = 2 (both can be distributed or undistributed)
latest version
Deductive (deduction) - CORRECT ANSWER-The conclusion follows without
doubt from the premises. Makes the implicit explicit. Does not expand our
knowledge
Induction - CORRECT ANSWER-There is doubt and risk but new knowledge can
be found. The scientific method is based on inductive reasoning
Toulmin Model - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Where you start (Observations/Grounds)
2. Claim
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER-The internal coherence of a deductive argument
Truth - CORRECT ANSWER-Whether the things spoken of in the deductive
argument actually exist
Soundness - CORRECT ANSWER-A characteristic of a deductive argument in
which the argument is both internally coherent and true
Syllogism - CORRECT ANSWER-A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a
major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
Categorical syllogism - CORRECT ANSWER-A syllogism in which the argument
consists of claims about classes or groups or things
What are the three categorical prepositions? - CORRECT ANSWER-Two premises
and one conclusion
Premise - CORRECT ANSWER-Makes a statement connecting two classes of
things together by means of a third class
Conclusion - CORRECT ANSWER-The third statement of a syllogism, unpacks
what is already in the first two statements taken together
What are the primary categorical terms? - CORRECT ANSWER-Major, minor, and
middle
All men (1) are mortal (2) - CORRECT ANSWER-Toulmin Model
Middle term - CORRECT ANSWER-The bridging term found in both of the first two
statements
, Major premise - CORRECT ANSWER-The first part of a syllogism, consisting of a
general statement about the subject of your argument
Minor premise - CORRECT ANSWER-A statement about a specific case related to
the general characteristics of the major premise
Predicate - CORRECT ANSWER-The term connected with the major premise
(major term) and the second term of the conclusion; junior term, modifies subject
Subject - CORRECT ANSWER-The term connected with the minor premise (minor
term) and the second term of the conclusion; primary or governing term
Copula - CORRECT ANSWER-Connects the subject to the predicate, some form
of the verb "to be"
Universal - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantity of statement - the entire group or class
Particular - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantity of statement - any amount that is not
the entire group or class
Affirmative - CORRECT ANSWER-Quality of statement - positive
Negative - CORRECT ANSWER-Quality of statement - negative
Distributed - CORRECT ANSWER-If we are talking about all of the term
Undistributed - CORRECT ANSWER-If we aren't talking about all of the term
Types of statements are symbolized by... - CORRECT ANSWER-A, E, I, O
A statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Universal affirmative ("All S(d) is P(u)")
E statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Universal negative ("No S(d) is P(u)" or "All
S(d) is not P(u)"
I statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Particular affirmative ("Some S(u) is P(u)")
O statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Particular negative ("Some S(u) is not P(d)")
Statement example key - CORRECT ANSWER-S = Senior Term
P = Predicate Term
d = Distributed
u = Undistributed
Distribution Rules of Thumb - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Only three (distinct) terms
2. Middle term distribution = 1 (two instances, in premises, one distributed and
one undistributed)
3. Minor/major distribution = 2 (both can be distributed or undistributed)
