FMST 210 Final Exam Spring 2022
psychoanalytic theory - ANSWERS- development and behaviour are the result of interplay of
inner drives, memories and conflict we are unaware of and cannot control
- looks at the inner forces that influence our behaviour and thought throughout our lives
- behaviour is internally motivated
- often these are things we aren't aware of yet still control the things we do and the way we
interact with people
behaviourist - operant conditioning - ANSWERSbehaviour becomes more or less probable
depending on its consequences (rewards and consequences)
behaviourist - social learning theory - ANSWERSpeople actively process information and their
thought and feelings influence their behaviour
- learn from what's going on in your environment but also thinking about what you're learning
and have feelings about what you're learning which collectively influences your behaviour
cognitive theories - ANSWERS- development and behaviour are the result of thought or
cognition
- motivated by how we think about things and how we understand things
sociocultural systems theory - ANSWERS- emphasizes the role of sociocultural context in
development
- looks at where you are physically in developing and how that might affect you
- people are inseparable from their cultural beliefs and societal, neighbourhood, and familial
contexts in which they live
- behaviour motivated by the multiple environments in which we exist (direct and indirect)
,dominant-recessive genetic inheritance - ANSWERS- dominant: some genes are always
expressed regardless of the gene it is paired with (i.e., dark hair, brown eyes)
- recessive: some genes are recess and are expressed only if paired with another recessive gene
(i.e., red hair, blue eyes)
maternal characteristics and behaviour - ANSWERS- age: women who give birth over 35,
especially over 40, at greater risk for pregnancy and birth complications. more vulnerable to
pregnancy-related illnesses and increased risks to newborns. increased risk of having child with
Down syndrome
- nutrition: need 2000-3000 calories to sustain pregnancy. dietary supplements can help reduce
many problems. inadequate consumption of folic acid can result in spina bifida or anencephaly
- emotional well-being: if under high stress, more likely to have baby that's low birth weight,
premature, and requires longer hospital stay after birth. stress hormones cross over placenta
raising fetal HR and activity level - long term effects on child include anxiety, ADHD, aggression.
social support can mitigate effects of stress on pregnancy and infant care
- prenatal care
contextual influences on pubertal timing - ANSWERS- nutrition (especially for females) - need to
reach certain % of fat to trigger menarche
- stress: exposure to stress is linked to easier onset of puberty. sexual abuse, poor family
relationships, harsh parenting, family conflict, anxiety
- SES: poor families linked with earlier onset of puberty particularly in girls (i.e., poor nutrition,
leading to obesity, therefore earlier menarche)
psychological effects of early and late puberty - ANSWERS- off-timed puberty: either entering or
going through puberty earlier or later than most of their peers. typically linked with general
anxiety depressed mood, etc.
- early = before 8 (girls) or 9 (boys)
- late = after 13 (girls) or (14 boys)
- adolescents who look older are more likely to be treated in ways similar to older adolescents,
which may be perceived as stressful
, - early maturation linked with more problems that late maturation (more problematic for girls).
- Girls early: feel less positive about body, physical appearance, and menstruation. at risk for
anxiety, depression, low self-esteem. often popular but more likely to be victims of rumours
spreading and sexual harassment
- early maturing boys tend to be popular, athletic, leaders, confident. more likely to experience
depression and anxiety - due to judging peer relationships as stressful
- contextual factors influencing the effects of pubertal timing - especially if early: early maturing
tend to seek relationships with older peers - more likely to engage in age-inappropriate
behaviours
- those who mature early or late more likely to show anxiety and depressed mood in late
adolescents
- late maturing girls: protective factor against depression
- late maturing boys: more social and emotional difficulties - less well-liked, poor body image,
body dissatisfaction, depression (declines with physical maturation)
risk factors for child maltreatment - parent characteristics - ANSWERS- don't have knowledge of
standard child development - have unrealistic expectations for their child's behaviour and when
children don't behave according to their expectation, get frustrated
- if don't have good problem solving skills, good coping-skills, good impulse control, and don't
understand what child is doing = recipe for child maltreatment
- parents living in poverty, experiencing marital instability, drug/alcohol abuse at higher risk for
abusing their children
marijuana use in adolescence and emerging adulthood - common substance used by teens and
young adults - ANSWERS- average age of first use is 14
- 24% of 15-24 report using cannabis in last 3 months
- males use cannabis more often; perceive it as less risky; more likely to drive car after using
cannabis
- short term negative effects: impaired executive function (problem-solving, abstract thinking,
judgement); impaired memory, recall attention
- reasoning for use - experimentation; coping with stress; relaxation; have fun when use it
psychoanalytic theory - ANSWERS- development and behaviour are the result of interplay of
inner drives, memories and conflict we are unaware of and cannot control
- looks at the inner forces that influence our behaviour and thought throughout our lives
- behaviour is internally motivated
- often these are things we aren't aware of yet still control the things we do and the way we
interact with people
behaviourist - operant conditioning - ANSWERSbehaviour becomes more or less probable
depending on its consequences (rewards and consequences)
behaviourist - social learning theory - ANSWERSpeople actively process information and their
thought and feelings influence their behaviour
- learn from what's going on in your environment but also thinking about what you're learning
and have feelings about what you're learning which collectively influences your behaviour
cognitive theories - ANSWERS- development and behaviour are the result of thought or
cognition
- motivated by how we think about things and how we understand things
sociocultural systems theory - ANSWERS- emphasizes the role of sociocultural context in
development
- looks at where you are physically in developing and how that might affect you
- people are inseparable from their cultural beliefs and societal, neighbourhood, and familial
contexts in which they live
- behaviour motivated by the multiple environments in which we exist (direct and indirect)
,dominant-recessive genetic inheritance - ANSWERS- dominant: some genes are always
expressed regardless of the gene it is paired with (i.e., dark hair, brown eyes)
- recessive: some genes are recess and are expressed only if paired with another recessive gene
(i.e., red hair, blue eyes)
maternal characteristics and behaviour - ANSWERS- age: women who give birth over 35,
especially over 40, at greater risk for pregnancy and birth complications. more vulnerable to
pregnancy-related illnesses and increased risks to newborns. increased risk of having child with
Down syndrome
- nutrition: need 2000-3000 calories to sustain pregnancy. dietary supplements can help reduce
many problems. inadequate consumption of folic acid can result in spina bifida or anencephaly
- emotional well-being: if under high stress, more likely to have baby that's low birth weight,
premature, and requires longer hospital stay after birth. stress hormones cross over placenta
raising fetal HR and activity level - long term effects on child include anxiety, ADHD, aggression.
social support can mitigate effects of stress on pregnancy and infant care
- prenatal care
contextual influences on pubertal timing - ANSWERS- nutrition (especially for females) - need to
reach certain % of fat to trigger menarche
- stress: exposure to stress is linked to easier onset of puberty. sexual abuse, poor family
relationships, harsh parenting, family conflict, anxiety
- SES: poor families linked with earlier onset of puberty particularly in girls (i.e., poor nutrition,
leading to obesity, therefore earlier menarche)
psychological effects of early and late puberty - ANSWERS- off-timed puberty: either entering or
going through puberty earlier or later than most of their peers. typically linked with general
anxiety depressed mood, etc.
- early = before 8 (girls) or 9 (boys)
- late = after 13 (girls) or (14 boys)
- adolescents who look older are more likely to be treated in ways similar to older adolescents,
which may be perceived as stressful
, - early maturation linked with more problems that late maturation (more problematic for girls).
- Girls early: feel less positive about body, physical appearance, and menstruation. at risk for
anxiety, depression, low self-esteem. often popular but more likely to be victims of rumours
spreading and sexual harassment
- early maturing boys tend to be popular, athletic, leaders, confident. more likely to experience
depression and anxiety - due to judging peer relationships as stressful
- contextual factors influencing the effects of pubertal timing - especially if early: early maturing
tend to seek relationships with older peers - more likely to engage in age-inappropriate
behaviours
- those who mature early or late more likely to show anxiety and depressed mood in late
adolescents
- late maturing girls: protective factor against depression
- late maturing boys: more social and emotional difficulties - less well-liked, poor body image,
body dissatisfaction, depression (declines with physical maturation)
risk factors for child maltreatment - parent characteristics - ANSWERS- don't have knowledge of
standard child development - have unrealistic expectations for their child's behaviour and when
children don't behave according to their expectation, get frustrated
- if don't have good problem solving skills, good coping-skills, good impulse control, and don't
understand what child is doing = recipe for child maltreatment
- parents living in poverty, experiencing marital instability, drug/alcohol abuse at higher risk for
abusing their children
marijuana use in adolescence and emerging adulthood - common substance used by teens and
young adults - ANSWERS- average age of first use is 14
- 24% of 15-24 report using cannabis in last 3 months
- males use cannabis more often; perceive it as less risky; more likely to drive car after using
cannabis
- short term negative effects: impaired executive function (problem-solving, abstract thinking,
judgement); impaired memory, recall attention
- reasoning for use - experimentation; coping with stress; relaxation; have fun when use it
