BACE COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔gene therapy - ✔✔process of correcting DNA codes that cause genetic diseases
and disorders
✔✔transcription factors - ✔✔molecules that bind to regulatory regions to affect the
expression of a gene
✔✔media - ✔✔source of nutrients, in liquid or solid form, for growing cell cultures
✔✔operon - ✔✔a region on prokaryotic DNA where one or more genes and their
controlling elements are located
✔✔transformation - ✔✔when cells take up foreign DNA and start expressing it
✔✔vector - ✔✔a DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to carry foreign pieces of DNA
into a cell
✔✔What is polyacrylamide used for? - ✔✔separating proteins, vertical gel boxes,
separating smaller molecules
✔✔What is agarose used for? - ✔✔horizontal gel boxes, separating large molecules
✔✔codon - ✔✔a three-letter nucleotide code that indicates a particular amino acid
✔✔cofactor - ✔✔a molecule or atom required by an enzyme in order to function
✔✔epitope - ✔✔a specific region on an antigen where an antibody will bind
✔✔hybridomas - ✔✔immortal tumor cells fused with white blood cells that will produce
monoclonal antibodies
✔✔monoclonal antibody - ✔✔a specific kind of antibody made by hybridomas to target
a particular epitope
✔✔PAGE - ✔✔a method of separating small DNA fragments or proteins using a vertical
gel made of polyacrylamide
✔✔reverse transcriptase - ✔✔an enzyme that synthesizes a DNA strand from RNA
✔✔substrate - ✔✔a molecule on which an enzyme acts
✔✔transcription - ✔✔the process of making a RNA strand from a DNA template strand
, ✔✔translation - ✔✔when an RNA nucleotide code is used to create a polypeptide
✔✔How do you determine the relative size of samples during PAGE? - ✔✔run
molecular weight standards in one lane
✔✔How do you visualize proteins after electrophoresis? - ✔✔stain gel with Coomassie
Blue
✔✔How do you visualize samples when loading wells and monitor sample migration? -
✔✔add loading dye to samples
✔✔How do you determine the relative size of samples? - ✔✔run molecular weight
standards in one lane
✔✔How do you achieve the best separation of molecules? - ✔✔select the most
appropriate gel concentration
✔✔How do you conduct electricity and establish an electric field through a gel? -
✔✔completely submerge gel in electrophoresis buffer
✔✔concentration assay - ✔✔helps researchers measure the amount of protein present
✔✔potency assay - ✔✔determines the amount and length of activity for a given protein
in test organisms
✔✔stability assay - ✔✔a way to determine how long the pharmaceutical is effective and
how it should be stored
✔✔activity assay - ✔✔shows if a specific protein is present and conducting the
expected reaction
✔✔ELISA - ✔✔a highly specific test to determine protein concentration based on a
particular antigen-antibody
✔✔PK/PD assays - ✔✔used for understanding the relationship between dosage and
activity of a given pharmaceutical
✔✔toxicology assay - ✔✔used to determine what are safe and unsafe levels of a given
drug
✔✔direct ELISA - ✔✔the use of a single antibody with a conjugated enzyme reporter to
recognize a particular antigen
WITH ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔gene therapy - ✔✔process of correcting DNA codes that cause genetic diseases
and disorders
✔✔transcription factors - ✔✔molecules that bind to regulatory regions to affect the
expression of a gene
✔✔media - ✔✔source of nutrients, in liquid or solid form, for growing cell cultures
✔✔operon - ✔✔a region on prokaryotic DNA where one or more genes and their
controlling elements are located
✔✔transformation - ✔✔when cells take up foreign DNA and start expressing it
✔✔vector - ✔✔a DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to carry foreign pieces of DNA
into a cell
✔✔What is polyacrylamide used for? - ✔✔separating proteins, vertical gel boxes,
separating smaller molecules
✔✔What is agarose used for? - ✔✔horizontal gel boxes, separating large molecules
✔✔codon - ✔✔a three-letter nucleotide code that indicates a particular amino acid
✔✔cofactor - ✔✔a molecule or atom required by an enzyme in order to function
✔✔epitope - ✔✔a specific region on an antigen where an antibody will bind
✔✔hybridomas - ✔✔immortal tumor cells fused with white blood cells that will produce
monoclonal antibodies
✔✔monoclonal antibody - ✔✔a specific kind of antibody made by hybridomas to target
a particular epitope
✔✔PAGE - ✔✔a method of separating small DNA fragments or proteins using a vertical
gel made of polyacrylamide
✔✔reverse transcriptase - ✔✔an enzyme that synthesizes a DNA strand from RNA
✔✔substrate - ✔✔a molecule on which an enzyme acts
✔✔transcription - ✔✔the process of making a RNA strand from a DNA template strand
, ✔✔translation - ✔✔when an RNA nucleotide code is used to create a polypeptide
✔✔How do you determine the relative size of samples during PAGE? - ✔✔run
molecular weight standards in one lane
✔✔How do you visualize proteins after electrophoresis? - ✔✔stain gel with Coomassie
Blue
✔✔How do you visualize samples when loading wells and monitor sample migration? -
✔✔add loading dye to samples
✔✔How do you determine the relative size of samples? - ✔✔run molecular weight
standards in one lane
✔✔How do you achieve the best separation of molecules? - ✔✔select the most
appropriate gel concentration
✔✔How do you conduct electricity and establish an electric field through a gel? -
✔✔completely submerge gel in electrophoresis buffer
✔✔concentration assay - ✔✔helps researchers measure the amount of protein present
✔✔potency assay - ✔✔determines the amount and length of activity for a given protein
in test organisms
✔✔stability assay - ✔✔a way to determine how long the pharmaceutical is effective and
how it should be stored
✔✔activity assay - ✔✔shows if a specific protein is present and conducting the
expected reaction
✔✔ELISA - ✔✔a highly specific test to determine protein concentration based on a
particular antigen-antibody
✔✔PK/PD assays - ✔✔used for understanding the relationship between dosage and
activity of a given pharmaceutical
✔✔toxicology assay - ✔✔used to determine what are safe and unsafe levels of a given
drug
✔✔direct ELISA - ✔✔the use of a single antibody with a conjugated enzyme reporter to
recognize a particular antigen
