PORTAGE BIOD 151EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND REVISED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES, ()
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. - ANSWER-The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) - ANSWER-a. False- (ATP is produced,
not ADP)
b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) - ANSWER-b. True
c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) - ANSWER-c.
False- (This process is called endocytosis)
d. Receptor mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - ANSWER-d. True
e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) - ANSWER-
e. False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy)
In your own words, discuss Tay Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are
the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? - ANSWER-(1)Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic
lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death, In the genetic disease known as Tay
Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in
the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause
intellectual disability and death.
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one
appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. - ANSWER-The smaller cell.
Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to
the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its
surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows
the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? - ANSWER-The upward movement
of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Trachea, Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Alveoli -
ANSWER-Oropharynx
Label the following five items from the diagram: - ANSWER-Label B- Oral Cavity, Label D- Epiglottis,
Label E- Glottis, Label F- Trachea, Label G- Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: - ANSWER-Primary bronchi,
secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers. - ANSWER-Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric
acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
, Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive
credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. - ANSWER-3: Stomach, 4: Gallbladder, 7:
Jejunum (not small intestine), 9: Appendix (not large intestine), 10: Rectum (not large intestine)
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. - ANSWER-The
parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of
1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH
stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation
of pepsin. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in
the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the
active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: - ANSWER-2: Nasal bone, 4:
Zygomatic bone, 6: Inferior nasal concha, 7: Maxilla, 8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below: - ANSWER-A: Trapezium, B: Scaphoid, C: Lunate, D: Triquetral, E:
5th metacarpal (must include both parts for full credit)
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2) What
type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. - ANSWER-(1) Osteoporosis is a bone
tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle
bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture. (2) They would have decreased
osteoblasts which are responsible for bone repair. The bone repair would be unable to keep up with
the ongoing breakdown of bone which is done by the work of osteoblasts.
Label the following five muscles: - ANSWER-B: Temporalis, C: Orbicularis oculi, E: Zygomaticus major,
G: Buccinator, J: Depressor labii inferioris
When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs? - ANSWER-F. B&D: B. Wrist extension, D.
Extension of digits 2-5
Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not. - ANSWER-
(1)Yes. Both male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hormones. However, the ratios are
different., (2) The adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this "opposite" hormone that
the testis would not.
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I promote the reabsorption of water at
the collecting ducts of the kidneys. - ANSWER-ADH
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I am secreted by the beta cells of the
pancreas. - ANSWER-Insulin
Aldosterone is involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium in the body. Explain how too much
aldosterone could contribute to high blood pressure. - ANSWER-Aldosterone's primary target organ is
the kidney, where it promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium. The
blood sodium level is particularly important to the maintenance of blood pressure. Too much sodium
causes retention of fluid and increases blood pressure. Therefore, too much aldosterone will cause
increased and potentially high blood pressure.
A. Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B. What
sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? - ANSWER-A) Meisner's corpuscles; B)
Detects light touch and vibration (mechanoreceptor)
Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once. - ANSWER-
Keratinocytes: Produces a protein to protect the skin, Fibroblasts: Produces collagen, Melanocytes:
Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays, Langerhans cells: Assists in immune responses
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES, ()
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. - ANSWER-The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) - ANSWER-a. False- (ATP is produced,
not ADP)
b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) - ANSWER-b. True
c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) - ANSWER-c.
False- (This process is called endocytosis)
d. Receptor mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - ANSWER-d. True
e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) - ANSWER-
e. False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy)
In your own words, discuss Tay Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are
the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? - ANSWER-(1)Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic
lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death, In the genetic disease known as Tay
Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in
the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause
intellectual disability and death.
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one
appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. - ANSWER-The smaller cell.
Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to
the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its
surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows
the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? - ANSWER-The upward movement
of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Trachea, Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Alveoli -
ANSWER-Oropharynx
Label the following five items from the diagram: - ANSWER-Label B- Oral Cavity, Label D- Epiglottis,
Label E- Glottis, Label F- Trachea, Label G- Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: - ANSWER-Primary bronchi,
secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers. - ANSWER-Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric
acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
, Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive
credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. - ANSWER-3: Stomach, 4: Gallbladder, 7:
Jejunum (not small intestine), 9: Appendix (not large intestine), 10: Rectum (not large intestine)
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. - ANSWER-The
parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of
1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH
stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation
of pepsin. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in
the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the
active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: - ANSWER-2: Nasal bone, 4:
Zygomatic bone, 6: Inferior nasal concha, 7: Maxilla, 8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below: - ANSWER-A: Trapezium, B: Scaphoid, C: Lunate, D: Triquetral, E:
5th metacarpal (must include both parts for full credit)
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2) What
type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. - ANSWER-(1) Osteoporosis is a bone
tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle
bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture. (2) They would have decreased
osteoblasts which are responsible for bone repair. The bone repair would be unable to keep up with
the ongoing breakdown of bone which is done by the work of osteoblasts.
Label the following five muscles: - ANSWER-B: Temporalis, C: Orbicularis oculi, E: Zygomaticus major,
G: Buccinator, J: Depressor labii inferioris
When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs? - ANSWER-F. B&D: B. Wrist extension, D.
Extension of digits 2-5
Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not. - ANSWER-
(1)Yes. Both male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hormones. However, the ratios are
different., (2) The adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this "opposite" hormone that
the testis would not.
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I promote the reabsorption of water at
the collecting ducts of the kidneys. - ANSWER-ADH
List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I am secreted by the beta cells of the
pancreas. - ANSWER-Insulin
Aldosterone is involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium in the body. Explain how too much
aldosterone could contribute to high blood pressure. - ANSWER-Aldosterone's primary target organ is
the kidney, where it promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium. The
blood sodium level is particularly important to the maintenance of blood pressure. Too much sodium
causes retention of fluid and increases blood pressure. Therefore, too much aldosterone will cause
increased and potentially high blood pressure.
A. Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B. What
sensory information is detected by this type of receptor? - ANSWER-A) Meisner's corpuscles; B)
Detects light touch and vibration (mechanoreceptor)
Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once. - ANSWER-
Keratinocytes: Produces a protein to protect the skin, Fibroblasts: Produces collagen, Melanocytes:
Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays, Langerhans cells: Assists in immune responses
