BIOL 348: BLOOD EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% APPROVED CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025 FIRST CLASS PASS

BIOL 348: BLOOD EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% APPROVED CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025 FIRST CLASS PASS 2025 EXAM  BIOL 348: BLOOD EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% APPROVED CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025 FIRST CLASS PASS Cardiovascular system consists of - CORRECT ANSWER A pump (THE HEART) A conducting system (BLOOD VESSELS) A fluid medium (BLOOD) - connective tissue - cells in a fluid matrix -transports materials to/from cells (oxygen, carbons dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products, immune cells, and antibodies) Functions of Blood - CORRECT ANSWER Transportation of dissolved substances Regulation of pH and Ion composition of interstitial fluid Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites Defense against toxins and pathogens Stabilization of body temperature Physical characteristics of blood - CORRECT ANSWER 5L in adult male Whole blood - PLASMA + FORMED ELEMENTS Plasma = fluid + dissolved solutes (water, plasma proteins, other solutes) Formed elements - all cells and solids Plasma - CORRECT ANSWER 50-60% of blood volume More than 90% of plasma is water EXCHANGE ACROSS CAPILLARY WALL - water, ions (Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-), small solutes (fatty acids, simple sugars, amino acids), wastes (urea, creatinine, NH4+) Plasma proteins - CORRECT ANSWER Albumins (60%) , globulins (35%) , and fibrinogen (4%) Albumins - CORRECT ANSWER 60% Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones Globulins - CORRECT ANSWER 35% Transport globulins (small molecules), hormone binding proteins, metalloproteins, LIPOPROTEINS, and steroid binding proteins Antibodies = IMMUNOGLOBULINS Fibrinogen - CORRECT ANSWER 4% Functions during blood clotting Erythrocytes - CORRECT ANSWER Red blood cells 99.9% of formed elements HEMOGLOBIN - red pigment that gives whole blood its color, binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Red blood cell count - CORRECT ANSWER # RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood Males - 4.5-6.3 million Females - 4.2-5.5 million Average adult has 25 trillion RBCs (1/3 of all cells in body) Hematocrit - CORRECT ANSWER Packed cell volume, pct % of red blood cells in centrifuge whole blood 40-50% Anemia - low count Polycythemia - high count RBCS structure, life span, and function - CORRECT ANSWER Structure - small biconcave discs Lack nuclei (no mitosis, no dna replication), mitochondria (can't use oxygen/aerobic respiration), and ribosomes (no proteins, no repair, no generation of anything new) Live about 120 DAYS (about 3 months) Travel 700 miles through circulatory system Function of flat shape 1. High surface-to-volume ratio 2. Discs form stacks ROULEAUX (smooth flow) 3. Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries (7.5 um RBC passes through 4um capillary) Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER HB - protein that transports gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) Quaternary structure - 4 globular protein subunits (2 alpha + 2 beta subunits_) - each subunit contains a molecule of heme - each heme contains one iron ion = oxygen binding site Almost all of the oxygen is Carried by hemoglobin, but only about 20% of the CO2 is bound to hemoglobin Erythropoietin - CORRECT ANSWER RBC FORMATION ABOUT 3 MILLION NEW RBC/SEC HEMOGLOBIN CONVERSION AND RECYCLING -MACROPHAGES OF LIVER, SPLEEN, AND BONE MARROW - Hemoglobin is broken down into component - globular proteins - amino acids - recycled Heme - transformed into many chemical derivatives (converted into bilirubin) - excreted through urine and feces Iron - bound to transport or storage proteins - recycled Recycling Erythrocyte Components - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow 2. Erythrocytes enter the blood and circulate for 120 days 3. Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen 4. Heme components of blood are recycles Minus iron - he is is converted into biliverdin and bilirubin which is secreted in bile from the liver Iron ions - iron is transported in the blood by the protein transferrin and stored by the protein ferritin in the liver