NURS 260 Exam 2 - Questions With Correct
Solutions
Hypertrophy Correct Answer - increase in cell size
Why does hypertrophy occur Correct Answer - Increase
functional components, greater metabolic demand and energy needs
How does hypertrophy help cell survive? Correct Answer - ·
Increased number of mitochondria to increase energy production
Increased actin and myosin filaments, enzymes, angiogenesis, and
ATP production
Examples of hypertrophy Correct Answer - · Weight lifting
· Enlarged heart of athletes (physiological hypertrophy)
-HTN causes pathological cardiac hypertrophy because the heart is
working harder. No corresponding angiogenesis. Outgrows its
supply of blood and is susceptible to ischemia
Hyperplasia Correct Answer - Increase in number of cells in
tissue or organ
Why does hyperplasia occur? Correct Answer - Only occurs in
cells capable of mitotic division such as epithelial and glandular
stimulated by hormones or compensatory mechanisms
-overcompensation when regeneration is needed ex. keloid
Examples of hyperplasia Correct Answer - · Pregnancy
stimulates hyperplasia in breast cells
· Keloids - maladaptive accumulation of epithelial cells as an
overcompensation for wound healing
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
,Atrophy Correct Answer - Cells revert to smaller size
Why does atrophy occur Correct Answer - · Changes in
metabolic requirements or environment
-When the environment cannot support metabolic requirements
-reduce size to reduce energy need
How does atrophy help cell? Correct Answer - Allows for less
metabolic demand and more efficient functioning that is compatible
with survival
Examples of atrophy Correct Answer - · Shrinking in UE
paralysis
· Disuse or diminished workload
· Loss of hormonal stimulation
· Inadequate nutrition
· Ischemia
· Aging
Metaplasia Correct Answer - Replacement of one cell type by
another
Why does metaplasia occur? Correct Answer - Genetic
reprogramming in response to a change in environmental
conditions
Examples of metaplasia Correct Answer - Chronic
inflammation where substitution enables cell survival
GERD: lower esophageal cells become inflamed and turn from
squamous epithelium to columnar stomach cells which have
tolerance for stomach acid
Dysplasia Correct Answer - Deranged cell growth within a
specific tissue
, Why does dysplasia occur? i Correct Answer - inflammation or
precancer
Examples of dysplasia? Correct Answer - cervical dysplasia
What is apoptosis? Correct Answer - Apoptosis cells
degenerate at a specific time with no adverse effects on the body.
Organized process that eliminates unwanted, unneeded, or damaged
cells. Occur in ovaries during menopause.
Overused - neurological degenerative. Underused - neoplasm
What is transplantation? Correct Answer - The act of taking
cells and organs from one person and giving it to another.
Cell injury - Na/K pump dysfunction Correct Answer - · Cell
unable to produce enough ATP to adequately run the sodium
potassium pump
Increased intracellular sodium causes water to go into the cell which
causes swelling
· Cellular swelling
· Pathological calcium deposits
cell injury - hypoxia Correct Answer - · Oxygen deprivation
· Blood cannot deliver enough oxygen to the cells
· Causes cell to enter anaerobic metabolism which decreases the
amount of ATP being made which slows down the metabolism of the
cell
Pyruvic acid formation from anaerobic metabolism changes to lactic
acid which alters biochemical activity
examples of hypoxia Correct Answer - · Ischemia, most often
caused by an obstruction of blood flow which could be the result of
atherosclerotic plaque and clots
Solutions
Hypertrophy Correct Answer - increase in cell size
Why does hypertrophy occur Correct Answer - Increase
functional components, greater metabolic demand and energy needs
How does hypertrophy help cell survive? Correct Answer - ·
Increased number of mitochondria to increase energy production
Increased actin and myosin filaments, enzymes, angiogenesis, and
ATP production
Examples of hypertrophy Correct Answer - · Weight lifting
· Enlarged heart of athletes (physiological hypertrophy)
-HTN causes pathological cardiac hypertrophy because the heart is
working harder. No corresponding angiogenesis. Outgrows its
supply of blood and is susceptible to ischemia
Hyperplasia Correct Answer - Increase in number of cells in
tissue or organ
Why does hyperplasia occur? Correct Answer - Only occurs in
cells capable of mitotic division such as epithelial and glandular
stimulated by hormones or compensatory mechanisms
-overcompensation when regeneration is needed ex. keloid
Examples of hyperplasia Correct Answer - · Pregnancy
stimulates hyperplasia in breast cells
· Keloids - maladaptive accumulation of epithelial cells as an
overcompensation for wound healing
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
,Atrophy Correct Answer - Cells revert to smaller size
Why does atrophy occur Correct Answer - · Changes in
metabolic requirements or environment
-When the environment cannot support metabolic requirements
-reduce size to reduce energy need
How does atrophy help cell? Correct Answer - Allows for less
metabolic demand and more efficient functioning that is compatible
with survival
Examples of atrophy Correct Answer - · Shrinking in UE
paralysis
· Disuse or diminished workload
· Loss of hormonal stimulation
· Inadequate nutrition
· Ischemia
· Aging
Metaplasia Correct Answer - Replacement of one cell type by
another
Why does metaplasia occur? Correct Answer - Genetic
reprogramming in response to a change in environmental
conditions
Examples of metaplasia Correct Answer - Chronic
inflammation where substitution enables cell survival
GERD: lower esophageal cells become inflamed and turn from
squamous epithelium to columnar stomach cells which have
tolerance for stomach acid
Dysplasia Correct Answer - Deranged cell growth within a
specific tissue
, Why does dysplasia occur? i Correct Answer - inflammation or
precancer
Examples of dysplasia? Correct Answer - cervical dysplasia
What is apoptosis? Correct Answer - Apoptosis cells
degenerate at a specific time with no adverse effects on the body.
Organized process that eliminates unwanted, unneeded, or damaged
cells. Occur in ovaries during menopause.
Overused - neurological degenerative. Underused - neoplasm
What is transplantation? Correct Answer - The act of taking
cells and organs from one person and giving it to another.
Cell injury - Na/K pump dysfunction Correct Answer - · Cell
unable to produce enough ATP to adequately run the sodium
potassium pump
Increased intracellular sodium causes water to go into the cell which
causes swelling
· Cellular swelling
· Pathological calcium deposits
cell injury - hypoxia Correct Answer - · Oxygen deprivation
· Blood cannot deliver enough oxygen to the cells
· Causes cell to enter anaerobic metabolism which decreases the
amount of ATP being made which slows down the metabolism of the
cell
Pyruvic acid formation from anaerobic metabolism changes to lactic
acid which alters biochemical activity
examples of hypoxia Correct Answer - · Ischemia, most often
caused by an obstruction of blood flow which could be the result of
atherosclerotic plaque and clots
