N224, wk 1: principles of pharmacology
I; Lehne ch 1-11
polar vs nonpolar solvents -
✅polar dissolves in polar solvents sucha as water but not in nonpolar solvents
such as oil.
Chapters 1-11: Objectives
1. Describe the big three properties of an ideal drug
2. Explain the significance of the Drug Quality and Security Act
3. Explain the stages of new drug development
4. List one problem each with using generic names and trade names
5. Explain the four basic pharmacokinetic processes
6. Identify the three ways a drug can cross a cell membrane
7. Describe the process of ion trapping
8. Determine how the rate and amount of absorption are related to drug effects
9. Compare and contrast the barriers, absorption patterns, advantages, and
disadvantages with different routes of administration
10. Explain the first-pass effect and enterohepatic recirculation
11. Describe the various oral formulations and how they affect absorption
12. Describe how protein binding affects plasma drug levels
13. Determine the impact inducers or inhibitors can have on drug metabolism
14. Identify two examples each of dru -
✅Table of Contents Lehne 9th Edition
1 Orientation of pharmacology 1
2 Application of pharmacology in nursing practice
3 Drug regulation, development, names, and information 15
4 Pharmacokinetics 25
5 Pharmacodynamics 46
6 Drug interactions 58
7 Adverse drug reactions and medication errors
8 Individual variation in drug responses
9 Drug therapy during pregnancy and breast-feeding
10 Drug therapy in pediatric patients
11 Drug therapy in geriatric patients
12 Basic principles of neuropharmacology
13 Physiology of the peripheral nervous system
14 Muscarinic agonists and antagonists
15 Cholinesterase inhibitors and their use in myasthenia gravis 132
1
,16 Drugs that block nicotinic cholinergic transmission : neuromuscular blocking
agents and ganglionic blocking agents 140
17 Adrenergic agonists 150
18 Adrenergic antagonists 163
19 Indirect-acting antiadrenergic agents
20 Introduction to central nervous system pharmacology 181
21 Drugs for Parkinson's disease
22 Alzheimer's disease 198
23 Drugs for multiple sclerosis
24 Drugs for epilepsy 215
25 Drugs for muscle spasm and spasticity
26 Local anesthetics 242
27 General anesthetics 249
28 Opioid (narcotic) analgesics, opioid antagonists, and nonopioid centrally acting
analgesics
29 Pain management in patients with cancer
30 Drugs for headache 300
31 Antipsychotic agents and their use in schizophrenia
32 Antidepressants 330
33 Drugs for bipolar disorder 353
34 Sedative-hypnotic drugs 363
35 Management of anxiety disorders
36 Central nervous systems stimulants and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
37 Drug abuse I : basic considerations
38 Drug abuse II : alcohol 405
39 Drug abuse III : major drugs and abuse (other than alcohol)
40 Diuretics 436
41 Agents affecting the volume and ion content of body fluids 449
42 Review of hemodynamics 454
43 Drugs acting on
ch 1 -
✅Orientation to Pharmacology
pharmacology -
✅Study of drugs and their interactions with biological or living systems.
includes knowledge of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
Clinical Pharmacology -
✅Study of drugs in humans
Pharmacology embraces -
2
, ✅Physical/ Chemical properties
Biological effects
Therapeutic uses of drugs
Drugs -
✅Any chemical that can affect living processes
eg, herbs
Therapeutics -
✅Medical use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease.
Therapeutics is our principal concern.
Medical us of drugs.
Big Three Properties of an Ideal Drug -
✅1. Effectiveness:
-Drug elicits the response for which it is given
-Most important property a drug can have
2. Safety:
-All drugs have ability to cause injury, especially at high doses and prolonged
duration
-Reduce AEs by appropriate drug selection and dosing
3. Selectivity: targets one main receptor. ideally we want to target the one receptor.
-Selective drug elicits only response for which it is given
-All drugs must be proven safe and effective prior to marketing approval from the
FDA
other properties of ideal drug -
✅safety, effectiveness, selectivity, reversible action, predictability, chemical
stability, freedom from drug interactions, cheap, ease admin, simple generic name
THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVE -
✅Maximum benefit with minimum harm
Additional Properties of an Ideal Drug -
✅-1. Reversible action (for most drugs)
i.e. Anesthetics, Oral contraceptives
i.e. Antibiotics- reversibility not desirable since it could increase resistance.
-2. Predictability:
Ideal to know patient's response to the drug prior to admin. more predictable, more
safe and better.
Must tailor therapy to the INDIVIDUAL
-3. Ease of administration:
3
, Convenient route, number of doses/day low
Improves patient adherence, Decrease admin errors
-4. Freedom from drug interactions, eg warfarin interacts.
-5. Low cost: tier 1 is cheaper than tier 3
-6. Chemical stability: stable at room temperature
-7. Possession of a simple generic name
Factors that determine the Intensity of Drug Responses
fig 1-1 -
✅Concentration of a drug at its sites of action.
-prescribed dose: amount you are prescribing. higher dose is more intense, some
drugs cap off at certain dose same effect with higher dose.
-administered dose: primary determinant of concentration of drug at it sites of
action is the administered dose.
how it is administered: orally or as IV. IV dose is less than PO dose.
-concentration at that specific sites of action:
eg, have to pass the blood brain barrier.
this ultimately determines the: Intensity of response
-administration
-pharmacokinetics
-pharmacodynamics
-Sources of individual variation
pharmacokinetics -
✅determine how much of an administered dose gets to its sites of action.
processes:
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
the impact of the body on drugs.
pharmacodynamics -
✅Once a drug has reached its sites of action, these processes determine the
nature and intensity of the response.
The impact of drugs on the body.
4
I; Lehne ch 1-11
polar vs nonpolar solvents -
✅polar dissolves in polar solvents sucha as water but not in nonpolar solvents
such as oil.
Chapters 1-11: Objectives
1. Describe the big three properties of an ideal drug
2. Explain the significance of the Drug Quality and Security Act
3. Explain the stages of new drug development
4. List one problem each with using generic names and trade names
5. Explain the four basic pharmacokinetic processes
6. Identify the three ways a drug can cross a cell membrane
7. Describe the process of ion trapping
8. Determine how the rate and amount of absorption are related to drug effects
9. Compare and contrast the barriers, absorption patterns, advantages, and
disadvantages with different routes of administration
10. Explain the first-pass effect and enterohepatic recirculation
11. Describe the various oral formulations and how they affect absorption
12. Describe how protein binding affects plasma drug levels
13. Determine the impact inducers or inhibitors can have on drug metabolism
14. Identify two examples each of dru -
✅Table of Contents Lehne 9th Edition
1 Orientation of pharmacology 1
2 Application of pharmacology in nursing practice
3 Drug regulation, development, names, and information 15
4 Pharmacokinetics 25
5 Pharmacodynamics 46
6 Drug interactions 58
7 Adverse drug reactions and medication errors
8 Individual variation in drug responses
9 Drug therapy during pregnancy and breast-feeding
10 Drug therapy in pediatric patients
11 Drug therapy in geriatric patients
12 Basic principles of neuropharmacology
13 Physiology of the peripheral nervous system
14 Muscarinic agonists and antagonists
15 Cholinesterase inhibitors and their use in myasthenia gravis 132
1
,16 Drugs that block nicotinic cholinergic transmission : neuromuscular blocking
agents and ganglionic blocking agents 140
17 Adrenergic agonists 150
18 Adrenergic antagonists 163
19 Indirect-acting antiadrenergic agents
20 Introduction to central nervous system pharmacology 181
21 Drugs for Parkinson's disease
22 Alzheimer's disease 198
23 Drugs for multiple sclerosis
24 Drugs for epilepsy 215
25 Drugs for muscle spasm and spasticity
26 Local anesthetics 242
27 General anesthetics 249
28 Opioid (narcotic) analgesics, opioid antagonists, and nonopioid centrally acting
analgesics
29 Pain management in patients with cancer
30 Drugs for headache 300
31 Antipsychotic agents and their use in schizophrenia
32 Antidepressants 330
33 Drugs for bipolar disorder 353
34 Sedative-hypnotic drugs 363
35 Management of anxiety disorders
36 Central nervous systems stimulants and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
37 Drug abuse I : basic considerations
38 Drug abuse II : alcohol 405
39 Drug abuse III : major drugs and abuse (other than alcohol)
40 Diuretics 436
41 Agents affecting the volume and ion content of body fluids 449
42 Review of hemodynamics 454
43 Drugs acting on
ch 1 -
✅Orientation to Pharmacology
pharmacology -
✅Study of drugs and their interactions with biological or living systems.
includes knowledge of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
Clinical Pharmacology -
✅Study of drugs in humans
Pharmacology embraces -
2
, ✅Physical/ Chemical properties
Biological effects
Therapeutic uses of drugs
Drugs -
✅Any chemical that can affect living processes
eg, herbs
Therapeutics -
✅Medical use of drugs to diagnose, prevent or treat disease.
Therapeutics is our principal concern.
Medical us of drugs.
Big Three Properties of an Ideal Drug -
✅1. Effectiveness:
-Drug elicits the response for which it is given
-Most important property a drug can have
2. Safety:
-All drugs have ability to cause injury, especially at high doses and prolonged
duration
-Reduce AEs by appropriate drug selection and dosing
3. Selectivity: targets one main receptor. ideally we want to target the one receptor.
-Selective drug elicits only response for which it is given
-All drugs must be proven safe and effective prior to marketing approval from the
FDA
other properties of ideal drug -
✅safety, effectiveness, selectivity, reversible action, predictability, chemical
stability, freedom from drug interactions, cheap, ease admin, simple generic name
THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVE -
✅Maximum benefit with minimum harm
Additional Properties of an Ideal Drug -
✅-1. Reversible action (for most drugs)
i.e. Anesthetics, Oral contraceptives
i.e. Antibiotics- reversibility not desirable since it could increase resistance.
-2. Predictability:
Ideal to know patient's response to the drug prior to admin. more predictable, more
safe and better.
Must tailor therapy to the INDIVIDUAL
-3. Ease of administration:
3
, Convenient route, number of doses/day low
Improves patient adherence, Decrease admin errors
-4. Freedom from drug interactions, eg warfarin interacts.
-5. Low cost: tier 1 is cheaper than tier 3
-6. Chemical stability: stable at room temperature
-7. Possession of a simple generic name
Factors that determine the Intensity of Drug Responses
fig 1-1 -
✅Concentration of a drug at its sites of action.
-prescribed dose: amount you are prescribing. higher dose is more intense, some
drugs cap off at certain dose same effect with higher dose.
-administered dose: primary determinant of concentration of drug at it sites of
action is the administered dose.
how it is administered: orally or as IV. IV dose is less than PO dose.
-concentration at that specific sites of action:
eg, have to pass the blood brain barrier.
this ultimately determines the: Intensity of response
-administration
-pharmacokinetics
-pharmacodynamics
-Sources of individual variation
pharmacokinetics -
✅determine how much of an administered dose gets to its sites of action.
processes:
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
the impact of the body on drugs.
pharmacodynamics -
✅Once a drug has reached its sites of action, these processes determine the
nature and intensity of the response.
The impact of drugs on the body.
4
