PSYCHOLOGY 1010 EXAM 1 REVIEW
What are the 4 ways of knowing? - Answers :Authority, intuition, logic, empiricism
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You consult a dictionary to find out how to spell 'epistemology'" - Answers :Authority
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You have an inexplicable liking for a person you just met; you just know you're going to
be friends" - Answers :Intuition
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You are so sure that your brainy roommate is going to ace all of her classes, you
publicly predict she will get a 4.0. When she gets a 3.8, you point out that she got A's in
all but one class. You were mostly right." - Answers :Overconfidence
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"Two friends are discussing whether the football game is on Thursday or Saturday this
week. One of them looks it up, and announces the game is on Saturday. You think, "I
knew that even before she looked it up."" - Answers :Hindsight Bias
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You notice that your brainy roommate loves anchovy pizza. The biology TA also
mentions that she loves anchovy pizza. When you find out that your physics professor
also loves anchovy pizza, you deduce that smart people like anchovies." - Answers
:Perceiving order in random events
What is a theory? - Answers :A general statement about the relation between two or
more variables
What is a hypothesis? - Answers :A specific, testable prediction generated by a theory
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women can multi-task better than men" - Answers :Theory
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women will make more progress on a 500 piece puzzle than men will during a 20
minute period while they are talking on the phone." - Answers :Hypothesis
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"People who spend more than $100 at the grocery store are more likely than those who
spend less than $100 to donate cash to a charity when invited to by the cashier. " -
Answers :Hypothesis
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Dog owners are friendlier than cat owners." - Answers :Theory
,What does a descriptive study do? - Answers :Describes a phenomenon by observation
What are three kinds of descriptive studies? - Answers :Case studies, naturalistic
observations, surveys
What is a case study? - Answers :study of one individual, or a few individuals, in great
detail
What is naturalistic observation? - Answers :observing and recording behavior in
naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
What is a survey? - Answers :a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported
attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative,
random sample of the group
What is a correlational study? - Answers :a study that measures two or more variables
to analyze the relationship between them
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You reason that you will need to borrow a van to pick up 7 friends from the airport,
because your car only holds 5" - Answers :Logic
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You notice that the parking lot is full on Mondays and Wednesdays by 8:00 am, but not
on Tuesdays and Thursdays" - Answers :Epiricism
What is hindsight bias? - Answers :"I knew it all along"
Things seem obvious looking back
What is overconfidence? - Answers :We tend to think we know more than we do
What is it called when correlation is mistaken for causality? - Answers :Perceiving order
in random events
What is vividness? - Answers :A bias from vivid personal experiences
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"Your little sister has a severe allergy to bee stings. The last time she got stung, you
watched her swell up and struggle to breathe until the paramedics got there. You also
have a friend with mild asthma. When the news reports that asthma threatens the lives
of more people than do allergies, you don't believe it." - Answers :Vividness
What are the correlation coefficient ranges for strong, moderate, and weak correlation?
- Answers :Strong: >0.8
Moderate: >0.5
, Weak: <0.3
Positive numbers: positive or direct correlation
Negative numbers: negative or inverse correlation
Can correlational studies prove causation? Can they allow us to predict future
outcomes? - Answers :No; yes
What kind of study is this?
You test whether income affects happiness by asking 200 people how much money
they make, and to rate how happy they are. - Answers :Correlational
What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether drinking milk may affect bone density in women. You randomly
assign women to either drink 20 oz of whole milk every day for 2 months, or to drink
only water. You then compare the bone density of the women. - Answers :True
experiment
What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether smoking cigarettes affects memory. You find a group of self-
described heavy smokers, and match them to a group of non-smokers (of the same age
and gender). You then administer a memory test to both groups, to see whether the
smokers memories are better or worse than the non-smokers' memories. - Answers
:Quasi-experiment
What kind of study is this?
You perform a case study on your little sister in order to better understand the inner
workings of the 10-year old female mind. - Answers :Descriptive study
What does experimental research allow us to test? - Answers :Causality of one variable
What is an independent variable? - Answers :variable that is manipulated
What is a dependent variable? - Answers :variable that is measured
What is a confounding variable? - Answers :a factor other than the independent variable
that might produce an effect in an experiment
What two aspects are necessary is a true experiment? - Answers :Random assignment
and manipulation of the independent variable
How do we solve the problem of confounding variables? - Answers :random assignment
What is a control group? - Answers :The group that does not receive the experimental
treatment in an experiment.
What are the 4 ways of knowing? - Answers :Authority, intuition, logic, empiricism
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You consult a dictionary to find out how to spell 'epistemology'" - Answers :Authority
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You have an inexplicable liking for a person you just met; you just know you're going to
be friends" - Answers :Intuition
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You are so sure that your brainy roommate is going to ace all of her classes, you
publicly predict she will get a 4.0. When she gets a 3.8, you point out that she got A's in
all but one class. You were mostly right." - Answers :Overconfidence
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"Two friends are discussing whether the football game is on Thursday or Saturday this
week. One of them looks it up, and announces the game is on Saturday. You think, "I
knew that even before she looked it up."" - Answers :Hindsight Bias
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"You notice that your brainy roommate loves anchovy pizza. The biology TA also
mentions that she loves anchovy pizza. When you find out that your physics professor
also loves anchovy pizza, you deduce that smart people like anchovies." - Answers
:Perceiving order in random events
What is a theory? - Answers :A general statement about the relation between two or
more variables
What is a hypothesis? - Answers :A specific, testable prediction generated by a theory
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women can multi-task better than men" - Answers :Theory
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Women will make more progress on a 500 piece puzzle than men will during a 20
minute period while they are talking on the phone." - Answers :Hypothesis
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"People who spend more than $100 at the grocery store are more likely than those who
spend less than $100 to donate cash to a charity when invited to by the cashier. " -
Answers :Hypothesis
Is this a theory or a hypothesis?
"Dog owners are friendlier than cat owners." - Answers :Theory
,What does a descriptive study do? - Answers :Describes a phenomenon by observation
What are three kinds of descriptive studies? - Answers :Case studies, naturalistic
observations, surveys
What is a case study? - Answers :study of one individual, or a few individuals, in great
detail
What is naturalistic observation? - Answers :observing and recording behavior in
naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
What is a survey? - Answers :a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported
attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative,
random sample of the group
What is a correlational study? - Answers :a study that measures two or more variables
to analyze the relationship between them
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You reason that you will need to borrow a van to pick up 7 friends from the airport,
because your car only holds 5" - Answers :Logic
This is an example of what way of knowing?
"You notice that the parking lot is full on Mondays and Wednesdays by 8:00 am, but not
on Tuesdays and Thursdays" - Answers :Epiricism
What is hindsight bias? - Answers :"I knew it all along"
Things seem obvious looking back
What is overconfidence? - Answers :We tend to think we know more than we do
What is it called when correlation is mistaken for causality? - Answers :Perceiving order
in random events
What is vividness? - Answers :A bias from vivid personal experiences
What perception/thinking error is this an example of?
"Your little sister has a severe allergy to bee stings. The last time she got stung, you
watched her swell up and struggle to breathe until the paramedics got there. You also
have a friend with mild asthma. When the news reports that asthma threatens the lives
of more people than do allergies, you don't believe it." - Answers :Vividness
What are the correlation coefficient ranges for strong, moderate, and weak correlation?
- Answers :Strong: >0.8
Moderate: >0.5
, Weak: <0.3
Positive numbers: positive or direct correlation
Negative numbers: negative or inverse correlation
Can correlational studies prove causation? Can they allow us to predict future
outcomes? - Answers :No; yes
What kind of study is this?
You test whether income affects happiness by asking 200 people how much money
they make, and to rate how happy they are. - Answers :Correlational
What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether drinking milk may affect bone density in women. You randomly
assign women to either drink 20 oz of whole milk every day for 2 months, or to drink
only water. You then compare the bone density of the women. - Answers :True
experiment
What kind of study is this?
You want to test whether smoking cigarettes affects memory. You find a group of self-
described heavy smokers, and match them to a group of non-smokers (of the same age
and gender). You then administer a memory test to both groups, to see whether the
smokers memories are better or worse than the non-smokers' memories. - Answers
:Quasi-experiment
What kind of study is this?
You perform a case study on your little sister in order to better understand the inner
workings of the 10-year old female mind. - Answers :Descriptive study
What does experimental research allow us to test? - Answers :Causality of one variable
What is an independent variable? - Answers :variable that is manipulated
What is a dependent variable? - Answers :variable that is measured
What is a confounding variable? - Answers :a factor other than the independent variable
that might produce an effect in an experiment
What two aspects are necessary is a true experiment? - Answers :Random assignment
and manipulation of the independent variable
How do we solve the problem of confounding variables? - Answers :random assignment
What is a control group? - Answers :The group that does not receive the experimental
treatment in an experiment.
