NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
(Latest Update) Real Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct | Already Graded A+.
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?: Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins,
fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
2. What is the body's defense against ROS?: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin
C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
3. How are free radicals produced?: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
4. action potential: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -->
the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
5. Threshold potential: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to
initiate an action potential
6. Hypokalemia and action potentials: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -
100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
7. Hyperkalemia and action potentials: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex:
closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
,.
8. Hypocalcemia and action potentials: Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemia and action potentials: Decreased permeability to Na+.
Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
10. Atrophy: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis.
Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophy examples: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland
during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
12. Hypertrophy: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of
organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
13 Hypertrophy examples: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed,
the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of
mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
15. Hyperplasia examples: 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of
epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and
breast.
, .
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial
cancer
16. Dysplasia: abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature
cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
17. Dysplasia examples: Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of
the cervix that must undergo treatment.
18. Metaplasia: Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by
another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or
hydrochloric acid from heart burn
19. Metaplasia examples: Most common is change from columnar cells to
squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett
Esophagus caused by heart burn.
20. Carcinoma in situ: Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and
bronchus
21. Hypoxic injury: 1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxiation,
drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
22. Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations: 1. Increased CK (muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
(Latest Update) Real Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct | Already Graded A+.
1. What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?: Heart disease, Alzheimers,
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins,
fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
2. What is the body's defense against ROS?: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin
C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
3. How are free radicals produced?: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
4. action potential: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -->
the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
5. Threshold potential: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to
initiate an action potential
6. Hypokalemia and action potentials: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -
100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
7. Hyperkalemia and action potentials: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex:
closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
,.
8. Hypocalcemia and action potentials: Increased permeability to Na+. More
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
9. Hypercalcemia and action potentials: Decreased permeability to Na+.
Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
10. Atrophy: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has
decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve
supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis.
Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
11. Atrophy examples: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland
during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
12. Hypertrophy: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of
organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
13 Hypertrophy examples: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a
person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed,
the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
14. Hyperplasia: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of
mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
15. Hyperplasia examples: 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of
epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and
breast.
, .
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial
cancer
16. Dysplasia: abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature
cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
17. Dysplasia examples: Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of
the cervix that must undergo treatment.
18. Metaplasia: Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by
another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation, like smoking or
hydrochloric acid from heart burn
19. Metaplasia examples: Most common is change from columnar cells to
squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett
Esophagus caused by heart burn.
20. Carcinoma in situ: Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or
squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and
bronchus
21. Hypoxic injury: 1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high altitudes, asphyxiation,
drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
22. Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations: 1. Increased CK (muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
