IAAP CPACC Exam Prep test questions
and answers latest update
Universal Design Principles - ANS 1997 Ronald Mace and other architects as NC State Univ.
created the seven principles of UD for physical/industrial design but they have been adapted to
other areas like web.
UD Principle One: Equitable Use - ANS The design of the product or environment should be
useful and marketable to everyone regardless of his or her abilities. If possible, everyone should
be able to use the environment or product in the same manner. If identical uses are not
provided, then equivalent options should be provided.
UD Principle Two: Flexibility in Use - ANS The design of the product or environment should
provide people with a variety of options for use of its features. The environment or product
should be adaptable to an individual's preferences and abilities.
UD Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use - ANS The purpose of the product or
environment's features should be easy to understand. A person's background, language, or
experience should not hinder his or her understanding of how to use the product or navigate the
environment.
UD Principle Four: Perceptible Information - ANS Information about the product or
environment's design should be communicated effectively and should be perceivable to
everyone. A person's sensory abilities should not hinder him or her from receiving information.
Information should be presented in different formats to increase effective communication to
individuals with diverse abilities.
UD Principle Five: Tolerance for Error - ANS The design of the product or environment
should reduce the chances of accidents or hazards from occurring. The design should also
anticipate any unintentional actions that may occur during use.
UD Principle Six: Low Physical Effort - ANS The design of the product or environment should
require little to no physical effort to use. A person should be able to use the product or navigate
the environment comfortably without feeling fatigued during use or after use.
UD Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach and Use - ANS Sufficient space should be
provided in the design so that it allows anyone to use the design features regardless of physical
build or physical abilities.
Blindness AT - ANS Screenreader /
Refreshable Braille Device
, Low Vision AT - ANS Screen enlarger / Screen reader
Color Blindness AT - ANS Color enhancement overlays or glasses
Deafness AT - ANS Captions / Transcripts
Motor/Mobility Disabilities AT - ANS Head wand, Mouth stick, Alternative keyboards, Eye
gaze tracking, Voice Activation
Cognitive Disabilities AT - ANS Screen readers, Screen overlays, Augmentative
communication aids
Medical Model - ANS Defines disability in terms of biological impairments. Views as a
problem that is diagnosed and treated. Strengths - clearly defined criteria for treatment.
Weaknesses - focuses on biology not on impact to social and environmental impact.
Social Model - ANS Points out that society creates disabling conditions - disability is
avoidable condition caused by poor design. Strengths - empowers people/removes stigma by
expecting society to accommodate. Weaknesses - can de-emphasize the physical reality of
disability too much.
Functional Solutions Model - ANS Identifies functional impairments and seeks solutions
through tech improvements etc. Focused on innovation to overcome limitations of disability.
Strengths - focused on results that benefit people and solving problems. Weaknesses - can lead
to missing opportunity to address larger social context of a disability because of focus on tech.
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model - ANS PWD develop sense of identity in group
with others who share the same disability. This develops a culture among those PWD. Strengths
- self-acceptance/empowerment, political strength and collective voice. Weaknesses - not
necessarily leading to accurate distinctions of disability types.
Charity or Tragedy Model - ANS Treats disabilities as unfortunate conditions worthy of pity
and special treatment. Many PWD are offended by this view. Strengths - can create empathy.
Weaknesses - encourages unequal social/political relationships between people.
Web Accessibility Principles - ANS Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust (POUR)
Perceivability - ANS Perceivability is about making the output of web content available
through multiple sensory modalities. Sight, Sound, Touch, Taste, Smell
Operability - ANS Operability is about making the input methods of web content functionally
available to a wide range of input devices, including:
and answers latest update
Universal Design Principles - ANS 1997 Ronald Mace and other architects as NC State Univ.
created the seven principles of UD for physical/industrial design but they have been adapted to
other areas like web.
UD Principle One: Equitable Use - ANS The design of the product or environment should be
useful and marketable to everyone regardless of his or her abilities. If possible, everyone should
be able to use the environment or product in the same manner. If identical uses are not
provided, then equivalent options should be provided.
UD Principle Two: Flexibility in Use - ANS The design of the product or environment should
provide people with a variety of options for use of its features. The environment or product
should be adaptable to an individual's preferences and abilities.
UD Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use - ANS The purpose of the product or
environment's features should be easy to understand. A person's background, language, or
experience should not hinder his or her understanding of how to use the product or navigate the
environment.
UD Principle Four: Perceptible Information - ANS Information about the product or
environment's design should be communicated effectively and should be perceivable to
everyone. A person's sensory abilities should not hinder him or her from receiving information.
Information should be presented in different formats to increase effective communication to
individuals with diverse abilities.
UD Principle Five: Tolerance for Error - ANS The design of the product or environment
should reduce the chances of accidents or hazards from occurring. The design should also
anticipate any unintentional actions that may occur during use.
UD Principle Six: Low Physical Effort - ANS The design of the product or environment should
require little to no physical effort to use. A person should be able to use the product or navigate
the environment comfortably without feeling fatigued during use or after use.
UD Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach and Use - ANS Sufficient space should be
provided in the design so that it allows anyone to use the design features regardless of physical
build or physical abilities.
Blindness AT - ANS Screenreader /
Refreshable Braille Device
, Low Vision AT - ANS Screen enlarger / Screen reader
Color Blindness AT - ANS Color enhancement overlays or glasses
Deafness AT - ANS Captions / Transcripts
Motor/Mobility Disabilities AT - ANS Head wand, Mouth stick, Alternative keyboards, Eye
gaze tracking, Voice Activation
Cognitive Disabilities AT - ANS Screen readers, Screen overlays, Augmentative
communication aids
Medical Model - ANS Defines disability in terms of biological impairments. Views as a
problem that is diagnosed and treated. Strengths - clearly defined criteria for treatment.
Weaknesses - focuses on biology not on impact to social and environmental impact.
Social Model - ANS Points out that society creates disabling conditions - disability is
avoidable condition caused by poor design. Strengths - empowers people/removes stigma by
expecting society to accommodate. Weaknesses - can de-emphasize the physical reality of
disability too much.
Functional Solutions Model - ANS Identifies functional impairments and seeks solutions
through tech improvements etc. Focused on innovation to overcome limitations of disability.
Strengths - focused on results that benefit people and solving problems. Weaknesses - can lead
to missing opportunity to address larger social context of a disability because of focus on tech.
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model - ANS PWD develop sense of identity in group
with others who share the same disability. This develops a culture among those PWD. Strengths
- self-acceptance/empowerment, political strength and collective voice. Weaknesses - not
necessarily leading to accurate distinctions of disability types.
Charity or Tragedy Model - ANS Treats disabilities as unfortunate conditions worthy of pity
and special treatment. Many PWD are offended by this view. Strengths - can create empathy.
Weaknesses - encourages unequal social/political relationships between people.
Web Accessibility Principles - ANS Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust (POUR)
Perceivability - ANS Perceivability is about making the output of web content available
through multiple sensory modalities. Sight, Sound, Touch, Taste, Smell
Operability - ANS Operability is about making the input methods of web content functionally
available to a wide range of input devices, including:
