Higher Human Biology Unit 1
Questions and Answers
Protein - ANSWER-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
Phospholipid - ANSWER-A lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids.
Fluid Mosaic Model - ANSWER-When phospholipid and proteins are in constant
motion.
Channels - ANSWER-Allow transfer of water-soluble molecules across the
membrane.
Porous - ANSWER-Has holes.
RER - ANSWER-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER-Forms as tube-like structures with
ribosomes attached.
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER-Packages and processes proteins.
Vesicles - ANSWER-Transport proteins to cell membrane.
Lysosome - ANSWER-Vesicle containing digestive enzymes.
SER - ANSWER-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER-Lacks ribosomes. Involved in storage of
enzymes.
Selectively Permeable Membrane - ANSWER-Cell membrane controls movement of
some materials in and out of cells.
Diffusion - ANSWER-The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low
concentrate down a concentration gradient.
Osmosis - ANSWER-The diffusion of water from a high water concentration to a low
concentration.
Active Transport - ANSWER-Chemical ions are taken in and out of cells against a
concentration gradient. Selective. Requires energy.
Endocytosis - ANSWER-The process by which a cell engulfs materials and takes
them into the cell.
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-When the cell engulfs relatively large substances e.g.
bacteria
, Pinocytosis - ANSWER-The cell membrane surrounds the extracellular fluid and
encloses it in a vacuole.
Exocytosis - ANSWER-The process by which a cell passes material out of the cell
into surrounding fluid.
Autoimmune - ANSWER-Immune reaction directed against a person's own tissue.
Natural Immunity - ANSWER-An individual's own genetic ability to fight off disease.
Macrophage - ANSWER-An white blood cell that engulfs pathogens.
B-Lymphocyte - ANSWER-Produces Y shaped protein molecules in response to the
surface antigens of bacteria and viruses.
Humoral Response - ANSWER-The branch of acquired immunity that involves the
activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend
against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
Memory Cells - ANSWER-Cells which quickly produce more of the plasma cells if an
antigen enters the body a second time.
Killer T-cell - ANSWER-Recognise and kill cells infected by a virus or bacteria.
Cell Mediated Response - ANSWER-The branch of acquired immunity that involves
the activation of T-lymphocytes, which defend against infected cells.
Helper T-cell - ANSWER-Activate other immune cells (B-lymphocytes and killer T-
lymphocytes).
Thymus Gland - ANSWER-Processes T-lymphocytes.
Lymph Nodes - ANSWER-Both B and T-lymphocytes mature and are activated here.
Innate Immunity - ANSWER-Inborn immunity. Includes first and second lines of
defense again viruses and bacteria.
Acquired Immunity - ANSWER-Refers to the ways by which an individual becomes
immune to antigens.
Allergy - ANSWER-An exaggerated response by the body to foreign molecules.
Virus - ANSWER-A protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
Genes - ANSWER-Specific regions of chromosomal DNA that determine
characteristics of an organism.
Chromosome Complement - ANSWER-The number of chromosomes present in the
nucleus of each body cell (46 in a human).
Questions and Answers
Protein - ANSWER-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
Phospholipid - ANSWER-A lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids.
Fluid Mosaic Model - ANSWER-When phospholipid and proteins are in constant
motion.
Channels - ANSWER-Allow transfer of water-soluble molecules across the
membrane.
Porous - ANSWER-Has holes.
RER - ANSWER-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER-Forms as tube-like structures with
ribosomes attached.
Golgi Apparatus - ANSWER-Packages and processes proteins.
Vesicles - ANSWER-Transport proteins to cell membrane.
Lysosome - ANSWER-Vesicle containing digestive enzymes.
SER - ANSWER-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER-Lacks ribosomes. Involved in storage of
enzymes.
Selectively Permeable Membrane - ANSWER-Cell membrane controls movement of
some materials in and out of cells.
Diffusion - ANSWER-The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low
concentrate down a concentration gradient.
Osmosis - ANSWER-The diffusion of water from a high water concentration to a low
concentration.
Active Transport - ANSWER-Chemical ions are taken in and out of cells against a
concentration gradient. Selective. Requires energy.
Endocytosis - ANSWER-The process by which a cell engulfs materials and takes
them into the cell.
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-When the cell engulfs relatively large substances e.g.
bacteria
, Pinocytosis - ANSWER-The cell membrane surrounds the extracellular fluid and
encloses it in a vacuole.
Exocytosis - ANSWER-The process by which a cell passes material out of the cell
into surrounding fluid.
Autoimmune - ANSWER-Immune reaction directed against a person's own tissue.
Natural Immunity - ANSWER-An individual's own genetic ability to fight off disease.
Macrophage - ANSWER-An white blood cell that engulfs pathogens.
B-Lymphocyte - ANSWER-Produces Y shaped protein molecules in response to the
surface antigens of bacteria and viruses.
Humoral Response - ANSWER-The branch of acquired immunity that involves the
activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend
against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
Memory Cells - ANSWER-Cells which quickly produce more of the plasma cells if an
antigen enters the body a second time.
Killer T-cell - ANSWER-Recognise and kill cells infected by a virus or bacteria.
Cell Mediated Response - ANSWER-The branch of acquired immunity that involves
the activation of T-lymphocytes, which defend against infected cells.
Helper T-cell - ANSWER-Activate other immune cells (B-lymphocytes and killer T-
lymphocytes).
Thymus Gland - ANSWER-Processes T-lymphocytes.
Lymph Nodes - ANSWER-Both B and T-lymphocytes mature and are activated here.
Innate Immunity - ANSWER-Inborn immunity. Includes first and second lines of
defense again viruses and bacteria.
Acquired Immunity - ANSWER-Refers to the ways by which an individual becomes
immune to antigens.
Allergy - ANSWER-An exaggerated response by the body to foreign molecules.
Virus - ANSWER-A protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
Genes - ANSWER-Specific regions of chromosomal DNA that determine
characteristics of an organism.
Chromosome Complement - ANSWER-The number of chromosomes present in the
nucleus of each body cell (46 in a human).
