BIO 54 Final Exam Review Guide – Human
Anatomy and Physiology (SJSU) 2025/2026
1. Alcohol addiction -a physical/psychological dependence with loss of control, continuous craving
and compulsive use
2. Binge drinking -consuming a large quantity of alcohol in a short period of time
3. Alcohol dehydro- -enzyme in stomach that breaks down alcohol
genase - women have 1/2 as much as men
4. Immediate e�ects -reduces frequency of nerve transmission
of alcohol -dehydration
-water is lost from cerebospinal �uid
-irritates gastrointestinal system
5. Long term e�ects -E ects on the nervous system
of alcohol -Cardiovascular e ects
-Liver disease
-Cancer
-Chronic in�ammation of the pancreas
-Reduced ability of the body to ght bacteria and viruses
6. BAC Limit .08%
7. Absorption and -About 20% of absorption occurs in the stomach
metabolism of al- -About 80% of absorption occurs in the small intestine
cohol
8. Consumption of -passes down the esophagus through the stomach and into the small intestine
alcohol (pathway -majority of alcohol enters the bloodstream through the walls of the small intes-
+ steps) tine
-bloodstream rapidly transports the ethanol throughout the body where it is
absorbed into the body, tissues in proportion to their water content
-Through oxidation in liver, alcohol is metabolized and removed from the blood-
stream
, 9. ADH (antidiuretic -secrete ADH = decrease in urine volume
hormone) -inhibit ADH = increase in urine volume
-ADH kicks in when your body detects your blood has too little water
10. Diuretics -agent that increases urine output
11. Antidiuretic -an agent that decreases urine production
12. Fetal alcohol syn- -mental retardation, small head, tremors
drome (FAS) -abnormalities of face, limbs, heart, and brain
13. Zero population -a population that is unchanging
growth -birth and death rate are equal
-growth rate = 0
14. Biodiversity -the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
15. 3 Largest threats -loss of habitat/habitat destruction
to biodiversity -introduced species (spread of non-native species and diseases
-over-exploitation
16. Ozone depletion -the thinning of the ozone layer
17. Green house ef- -the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of the Earth that occurs when
fect water vapor, carbon dioxide, and gases absorb and radiate thermal energy.
18. Global warming -gradual increase in average global temperature
19. AQI (Air Quality In- -index for reporting daily air quality that tells you how clean or polluted your air
dex) is, and what associated health e ects might be a concern for you
-0-50 = healthy
20. Indoor air pollu- -asbestos
tion sources -formaldehyde
Anatomy and Physiology (SJSU) 2025/2026
1. Alcohol addiction -a physical/psychological dependence with loss of control, continuous craving
and compulsive use
2. Binge drinking -consuming a large quantity of alcohol in a short period of time
3. Alcohol dehydro- -enzyme in stomach that breaks down alcohol
genase - women have 1/2 as much as men
4. Immediate e�ects -reduces frequency of nerve transmission
of alcohol -dehydration
-water is lost from cerebospinal �uid
-irritates gastrointestinal system
5. Long term e�ects -E ects on the nervous system
of alcohol -Cardiovascular e ects
-Liver disease
-Cancer
-Chronic in�ammation of the pancreas
-Reduced ability of the body to ght bacteria and viruses
6. BAC Limit .08%
7. Absorption and -About 20% of absorption occurs in the stomach
metabolism of al- -About 80% of absorption occurs in the small intestine
cohol
8. Consumption of -passes down the esophagus through the stomach and into the small intestine
alcohol (pathway -majority of alcohol enters the bloodstream through the walls of the small intes-
+ steps) tine
-bloodstream rapidly transports the ethanol throughout the body where it is
absorbed into the body, tissues in proportion to their water content
-Through oxidation in liver, alcohol is metabolized and removed from the blood-
stream
, 9. ADH (antidiuretic -secrete ADH = decrease in urine volume
hormone) -inhibit ADH = increase in urine volume
-ADH kicks in when your body detects your blood has too little water
10. Diuretics -agent that increases urine output
11. Antidiuretic -an agent that decreases urine production
12. Fetal alcohol syn- -mental retardation, small head, tremors
drome (FAS) -abnormalities of face, limbs, heart, and brain
13. Zero population -a population that is unchanging
growth -birth and death rate are equal
-growth rate = 0
14. Biodiversity -the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
15. 3 Largest threats -loss of habitat/habitat destruction
to biodiversity -introduced species (spread of non-native species and diseases
-over-exploitation
16. Ozone depletion -the thinning of the ozone layer
17. Green house ef- -the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of the Earth that occurs when
fect water vapor, carbon dioxide, and gases absorb and radiate thermal energy.
18. Global warming -gradual increase in average global temperature
19. AQI (Air Quality In- -index for reporting daily air quality that tells you how clean or polluted your air
dex) is, and what associated health e ects might be a concern for you
-0-50 = healthy
20. Indoor air pollu- -asbestos
tion sources -formaldehyde
