AP BIOLOGY EXAM: COLLEGE BOARD-
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What 2 ways is ATP produced and describe how from each - Answer-1) Oxidative
Phosphorylation (used for ETC and chemiosmosis):
-Depends on chemiosmosis, this is the way 90% of all ATP ultimately is produced from
cellular respiration
-During oxidative phosphorylation, NAD and FAD lose protons thus becoming oxidized
2) Substrate level phosphorylation= (Glycolysis)
-Occurs when an enzyme (kinase) transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to
ADP. Only a small amount of ATP is made this way.
What is cyclic phosphorylation - Answer-Goal is to make ATP and replenish ATP levels
When is oxygen RELEASED - Answer-light dependent reactions
When is carbon REDUCED - Answer-Calvin cycle
When does NADP+ REDUCE - Answer-light dependent reactions
When does oxidation photo-phosphorylation - Answer-Light dependent reactions
(glycolysis and krebs cycle)
What are the three steps of translation - Answer-1) Elongnation
2) Initiation
3) Termination
What occurs during each? - Answer-Elongation= Continues as tRNA brings amino acids
to the ribosome and a polypeptide is formed.
Initiation= Begins when mRNA become attached to a subunit of ribosomes (START
CODON IS AUG)
Termination= When the ribosome has reached one of the three termination or stop
codons
(Release factor breaks the bond between tRNA and the last amino acid of the
polypeptide chain)
, What occurs with bacteriophages in regard to cycles - Answer-Lytic Cycle: The phage
enters a host cell and takes control of the cell machinary and replicated itself. Ultimately
this causes the cell to burst and release even more phage viruses
Lysogenic Cycle: No bursting involved, but still able to replicate. It becomes dominant
within the host genome and is called prophase
What is signal transduction pathway? - Answer-multi-step process in which a small
number of extracellular signal molecules produce a major cellular response; cascade
response, like falling dominoes
ADVANTAGE: produces a way for the signal to be amplified all across the cell
Why is apoptosis a thing - Answer-1) During embryonic development, when cells or
tissues are no longer needed, they die and are engulfed by neighbouring cells
2) Cell has sustained too much genetic damage which can lead to cancer
3) In plant cells, apoptosis is an important defense mechanism against infections
What is the electron transport chain? - Answer-A protein pump in the mitochondria that
couples two reactions, one endergonic and one exergonic
What are the stages of meiosis 1 - Answer-Prophase 1
-Synapsis, pairing of homologous
-Crossing over, exchange of homologous bits of chromosomes
-Chiasmata, visible manifestations of crossover events
Metaphase 1:
-Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up in a double line along the metaphase
plate
-Splindle fibers from poles are attached to centromeres
Anaphase 1: The homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and pull apart
Cytokinesis 1: Usually occurs simultaneously with telophase 1
What is cell cycle regulation - Answer-Several checkpoints that act as built in stop
signals that halt the cell unless they are overridden by go ahead signals
What is the G1 phase? - Answer-restriction point, if passed, committed to cell division
What is competitive inhibition? - Answer-1) Compete for active site.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What 2 ways is ATP produced and describe how from each - Answer-1) Oxidative
Phosphorylation (used for ETC and chemiosmosis):
-Depends on chemiosmosis, this is the way 90% of all ATP ultimately is produced from
cellular respiration
-During oxidative phosphorylation, NAD and FAD lose protons thus becoming oxidized
2) Substrate level phosphorylation= (Glycolysis)
-Occurs when an enzyme (kinase) transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to
ADP. Only a small amount of ATP is made this way.
What is cyclic phosphorylation - Answer-Goal is to make ATP and replenish ATP levels
When is oxygen RELEASED - Answer-light dependent reactions
When is carbon REDUCED - Answer-Calvin cycle
When does NADP+ REDUCE - Answer-light dependent reactions
When does oxidation photo-phosphorylation - Answer-Light dependent reactions
(glycolysis and krebs cycle)
What are the three steps of translation - Answer-1) Elongnation
2) Initiation
3) Termination
What occurs during each? - Answer-Elongation= Continues as tRNA brings amino acids
to the ribosome and a polypeptide is formed.
Initiation= Begins when mRNA become attached to a subunit of ribosomes (START
CODON IS AUG)
Termination= When the ribosome has reached one of the three termination or stop
codons
(Release factor breaks the bond between tRNA and the last amino acid of the
polypeptide chain)
, What occurs with bacteriophages in regard to cycles - Answer-Lytic Cycle: The phage
enters a host cell and takes control of the cell machinary and replicated itself. Ultimately
this causes the cell to burst and release even more phage viruses
Lysogenic Cycle: No bursting involved, but still able to replicate. It becomes dominant
within the host genome and is called prophase
What is signal transduction pathway? - Answer-multi-step process in which a small
number of extracellular signal molecules produce a major cellular response; cascade
response, like falling dominoes
ADVANTAGE: produces a way for the signal to be amplified all across the cell
Why is apoptosis a thing - Answer-1) During embryonic development, when cells or
tissues are no longer needed, they die and are engulfed by neighbouring cells
2) Cell has sustained too much genetic damage which can lead to cancer
3) In plant cells, apoptosis is an important defense mechanism against infections
What is the electron transport chain? - Answer-A protein pump in the mitochondria that
couples two reactions, one endergonic and one exergonic
What are the stages of meiosis 1 - Answer-Prophase 1
-Synapsis, pairing of homologous
-Crossing over, exchange of homologous bits of chromosomes
-Chiasmata, visible manifestations of crossover events
Metaphase 1:
-Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up in a double line along the metaphase
plate
-Splindle fibers from poles are attached to centromeres
Anaphase 1: The homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and pull apart
Cytokinesis 1: Usually occurs simultaneously with telophase 1
What is cell cycle regulation - Answer-Several checkpoints that act as built in stop
signals that halt the cell unless they are overridden by go ahead signals
What is the G1 phase? - Answer-restriction point, if passed, committed to cell division
What is competitive inhibition? - Answer-1) Compete for active site.
