Biology 152 Final Exam Actual study set
with Questions and correct/verified
Answers
biological population - ANSWER-a group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the same
place at the same time. capable of interbreeding and reproduction.
allele - ANSWER-one of a number of different forms/versions of a gene.
formed as a result of mutation and genetic recombination IF THERE IS ALREADY AT LEAST 2 ALLELES
phenotype - ANSWER-the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction
of its genotype with the environment.
- different allele combos
genotype - ANSWER-An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
- combo of alleles
DNA encodes info to turn it into phenotypes - ANSWER-codes for a particular protein and determines
the traits (phenotype) of the individual
how DNA works - ANSWER-DNA makes RNA, which makes Proteins, which makes an organism
Biological Fitness - ANSWER-the ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to
that ability in other individuals in the population
NOT PHYSICAL FITNESS
adaptation - ANSWER-biological mechanism in which organisms adjust to new environments or to
changes in their current environment. *RELATIVE*, better adapted better suited, involves TRADE-OFFS,
depends on environment and population
- trait that enhances fitness
-more adaptive=better suited
-process by which adaptive traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
- depends on environmental factors
PROCESS AND TRAITS
adaptation as a trait - ANSWER-enhance fitness, promotes higher fitness
- a trait that enhances fitness
- a characteristic that promotes higher reproduction
adaptation as a process - ANSWER-adaptive traits become more common in their population
,- traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
evolution - ANSWER-Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms.
- built living world around us
*theory*
- cannot happen without variation
how are humans still evolving today - ANSWER-evolution cant be stopped, everything is constantly
changing, we constantly have to adapt to changes. *wisdom teeth, appendix*
case study 1 - ANSWER-skin color evolution in humans
- melanosomes hold melanin
- more eumelanin = darker skin color
- inner color= all the same
- outside= everyone is different
skin color evolved through natural selection
-wavelengths help us see color
-wavelengths reflect off of our skin top layer(melanin)
- individual genetic inheritance determines type of melanin in our melanosomes
- reddish yellow eumelanin= lightly pigmented people
- brown/black eumelanin= darker pigmented people
melanin color hair in animals and humans
-uv radiation penetrates living skin cells causing mutations(melanin protects from uv)
- melanin regulated temp, gives camp, helps recognize other species
-melanin production has increased with the evolution
- uv measurements taken from space> map of uv exposure throughout the world
- reflectometer to measure skin color( measures amount of light reflected back)
-uv intensity predicts skin color(equator=dark, poles=lighter)
- melanin production arose as different populations adapted biologically
- darker skin evolved (found in the genome) *MC1R*
- DNA sequence of MC1R shows evolution of darker skin, less alleles/diversity= darker skin
-MC1R=protein from pheomelanin to eumelanin
, - diversity of allele in africann population = negative selection against alleles that would alter dark skin,
1.2 million years
- One way that some animal species recognize potential mates is by color patterns produced by melanin.
- Clusters of melanin molecules form a protective cover inside skin cells, reducing the amount of UV
radiation that can reach the DNA inside the nucleus.
- The relative concentrations of different types of melanin determine human skin and hair color.
- as temperature increases, the probability of colors across a birds wing decreases
- Uv intensity increases- darker skin tone - ANSWER-all true
how does UV light influence and interact with people - ANSWER-- can cause cancer
- able to enter into our cells
- can cause changes in our DNA
human race - ANSWER-invention of humans that does not reflect real genetic groups, people categorized
by the MC1R gene. The vase majority of human genetic variation is found within populations, not
between them.
MC1R gene - ANSWER-- less diverse # of alleles in equatorial African populations
- less diverse closer to the equator
trade offs - ANSWER-a given trait may be adaptive in some ways and maladaptive in others such as
melanin providing protection for folate but also inhibiting the production of vitamin d
- evolution of all genes may be influenced by selective pressures
the need to protect folate - ANSWER-has provided the selective pressure for specific alleles of MC1R in
geographic regions with high UV radiation
viable - ANSWER-alive and generally able to survive typical conditions
theory - ANSWER-speculative idea, unapproved assumption.
Scientific: an explanation that is well supported and established-not likely refutable, conceptual
framework that explains existing facts and predicts new ones.
- gravitational theory
science vs beliefs - ANSWER-science: carefully gathering knowledge (experiments, learning) NOT
AGAINST US
evolutionary studies - ANSWER-- finding extinction
- seeing future changes
- seeing when traits have evolved
- seeing change over time
with Questions and correct/verified
Answers
biological population - ANSWER-a group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the same
place at the same time. capable of interbreeding and reproduction.
allele - ANSWER-one of a number of different forms/versions of a gene.
formed as a result of mutation and genetic recombination IF THERE IS ALREADY AT LEAST 2 ALLELES
phenotype - ANSWER-the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction
of its genotype with the environment.
- different allele combos
genotype - ANSWER-An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
- combo of alleles
DNA encodes info to turn it into phenotypes - ANSWER-codes for a particular protein and determines
the traits (phenotype) of the individual
how DNA works - ANSWER-DNA makes RNA, which makes Proteins, which makes an organism
Biological Fitness - ANSWER-the ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to
that ability in other individuals in the population
NOT PHYSICAL FITNESS
adaptation - ANSWER-biological mechanism in which organisms adjust to new environments or to
changes in their current environment. *RELATIVE*, better adapted better suited, involves TRADE-OFFS,
depends on environment and population
- trait that enhances fitness
-more adaptive=better suited
-process by which adaptive traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
- depends on environmental factors
PROCESS AND TRAITS
adaptation as a trait - ANSWER-enhance fitness, promotes higher fitness
- a trait that enhances fitness
- a characteristic that promotes higher reproduction
adaptation as a process - ANSWER-adaptive traits become more common in their population
,- traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
evolution - ANSWER-Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms.
- built living world around us
*theory*
- cannot happen without variation
how are humans still evolving today - ANSWER-evolution cant be stopped, everything is constantly
changing, we constantly have to adapt to changes. *wisdom teeth, appendix*
case study 1 - ANSWER-skin color evolution in humans
- melanosomes hold melanin
- more eumelanin = darker skin color
- inner color= all the same
- outside= everyone is different
skin color evolved through natural selection
-wavelengths help us see color
-wavelengths reflect off of our skin top layer(melanin)
- individual genetic inheritance determines type of melanin in our melanosomes
- reddish yellow eumelanin= lightly pigmented people
- brown/black eumelanin= darker pigmented people
melanin color hair in animals and humans
-uv radiation penetrates living skin cells causing mutations(melanin protects from uv)
- melanin regulated temp, gives camp, helps recognize other species
-melanin production has increased with the evolution
- uv measurements taken from space> map of uv exposure throughout the world
- reflectometer to measure skin color( measures amount of light reflected back)
-uv intensity predicts skin color(equator=dark, poles=lighter)
- melanin production arose as different populations adapted biologically
- darker skin evolved (found in the genome) *MC1R*
- DNA sequence of MC1R shows evolution of darker skin, less alleles/diversity= darker skin
-MC1R=protein from pheomelanin to eumelanin
, - diversity of allele in africann population = negative selection against alleles that would alter dark skin,
1.2 million years
- One way that some animal species recognize potential mates is by color patterns produced by melanin.
- Clusters of melanin molecules form a protective cover inside skin cells, reducing the amount of UV
radiation that can reach the DNA inside the nucleus.
- The relative concentrations of different types of melanin determine human skin and hair color.
- as temperature increases, the probability of colors across a birds wing decreases
- Uv intensity increases- darker skin tone - ANSWER-all true
how does UV light influence and interact with people - ANSWER-- can cause cancer
- able to enter into our cells
- can cause changes in our DNA
human race - ANSWER-invention of humans that does not reflect real genetic groups, people categorized
by the MC1R gene. The vase majority of human genetic variation is found within populations, not
between them.
MC1R gene - ANSWER-- less diverse # of alleles in equatorial African populations
- less diverse closer to the equator
trade offs - ANSWER-a given trait may be adaptive in some ways and maladaptive in others such as
melanin providing protection for folate but also inhibiting the production of vitamin d
- evolution of all genes may be influenced by selective pressures
the need to protect folate - ANSWER-has provided the selective pressure for specific alleles of MC1R in
geographic regions with high UV radiation
viable - ANSWER-alive and generally able to survive typical conditions
theory - ANSWER-speculative idea, unapproved assumption.
Scientific: an explanation that is well supported and established-not likely refutable, conceptual
framework that explains existing facts and predicts new ones.
- gravitational theory
science vs beliefs - ANSWER-science: carefully gathering knowledge (experiments, learning) NOT
AGAINST US
evolutionary studies - ANSWER-- finding extinction
- seeing future changes
- seeing when traits have evolved
- seeing change over time
