BIO WGU STUDY FOR OA C190 STUDY
GUIDE WITH OFFER ON SOLUTIONS
Adaptation- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe badjustment bor bchanges bin bbehavior,
bphysiology, band bstructure bof ban borganism bto bbecome bmore bsuited bto ban
benvironment.
Aerobic- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bprocess bthat brequires boxygen.
Allele b-An balternative bform bof ba bgene. bAn bexample bwould bbe bgenes bthat bencode
beye bcolor—some bencode bblue beyes b(one ballele), bwhile bothers bencode bbrown,
bgreen, bor bhazel beye bcolors b(other balleles). b- b bcorrect banswer- b b
amino bacids b- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bsmall borganic bmolecule bwith bthe bstructure bof
ban bamino bgroup, ba bcarboxylic bacid bgroup, band ban b"R" bgroup, bwhich bare ball
bbonded bto ba bsingle bcentral bcarbon batom. bThe bdifference bbetween bthe b"R" bgroup
bis bwhat bdistinguishes bone bamino bacid bfrom banother. bAmino bacids bare bthe
bbuilding bblocks bof bproteins.
Anaerobic- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bprocess bthat boccurs bwithout boxygen.
Anaphase- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bstage bwithin bthe bmitosis bphase bof bcell bdivision
b(also bknown bas bcell breproduction). bAnaphase bstarts bwhen bsister bchromatids
bseparate bfrom beach bother band bends bwhen beach bset bof bseparated, bsister
bchromatids barrives bat bthe bopposite bpoles bof bthe bcell.
anaphase bI- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bthird bstage bof bMeiosis bI—the btwo
bhomologous bchromosomes bseparate band bmigrate btoward bopposite bpoles.
,anaphase bII- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bthird bstage bin bMeiosis bII—the bcentromeres
bseparate band bthe bsister bchromatids b(now bindividual bchromosomes) bmove btoward
bthe bopposite bpoles bof bthe bcell.
artificial bselection- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bDeliberate bmating bbetween btwo bindividuals
bwho bwere bselected bbased bon bdesired btraits.
asexual breproduction b- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA btype bof breproduction bwhere
bgenetically bidentical boffspring bare bcreated bfrom ba bsingle bparent. bThis btype bof
breproduction bdoes bnot butilize bmeiosis bor bgametes. bBacteria
and bfungi bare bexamples bof borganisms bthat breproduce bin bthis bmanner. b- b bcorrect
banswer- b b
Atom- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bbasic bunit bof bmatter bthat bcannot bbe bfurther
bbroken bdown bwithout blosing bits bunique bproperties. bOne batom bconsists bof ba bdense
bnucleus bsurrounded bby ba bcloud bof belectrons.
Autosomal- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bDescribes ba btrait bassociated bwith balleles blocated
bon bautosomes b(non bsex bchromosomes).
autosomal bchromosome- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bchromosome bnot binvolved bin bsex
bdetermination.
biogeochemical bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bprocesses bthat btransfer bchemical
belements bbetween bbiotic band babiotic bcomponents bin ban becosystem. bThere bare
bseveral bmain bcycles: bthe bwater bcycle, bthe bcarbon bcycle, bthe bnitrogen bcycle, band
bthe bphosphorus bcycle.
Biome- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA blarge bnaturally boccurring bcommunity bof bplants band
banimals boccupying ba bmajor bhabitat. bExamples binclude btropical bforest band barctic
btundra.
Biomes- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bpattern bof bdistribution bof becosystems bacross bthe
bglobe, bwhere bsimilar benvironmental bconditions blead bto bsimilar banimal band bplant
badaptations. bExamples bof bbiomes binclude btropical brainforests, bdeserts, band btundra.
biosphere- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bAll bareas bon, bwithin, band baround bthe bplanet bEarth
bthat bare bcapable bof bsupporting blife.
Calvin bcycle b(Calvin-Ben b- b bcorrect banswer- b bson bcycle bor blight-independent
breaction)- bThe bset bof bchemical breactions bthat btake bplace bin bchloroplasts bduring
bphotosynthesis. bThe bcycle bis blight-independent bbecause bit btakes bplace bafter bthe
benergy bhas bbeen bcaptured bfrom bsunlight. bAlso bcalled bCalvin-Benson bCycle,
bBenson-Calvin bCycle.
,Carbohydrates- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bextracellular bsurface bof bthe bcell
bmembrane bis bdecorated bwith bcarbohydrate bgroups battached bto blipids band
bproteins. bThese bshort bcarbohydrates bplay ba brole bin bgiving ba bcell bits bidentity b(i.e.,
bdistinguishing bself bfrom bnon-self) band bare bthe bdistinguishing bfactor bin bhuman
bblood btypes.
carbon bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bbiogeochemical bcycle bthrough bwhich
bcarbon bflows bbetween bthe batmosphere, bwater, bland, band becosystems.
cell bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bseries bof bphases bin bthe blife bof bthe bcell bthrough
bwhich bit bgrows band bdivides.
cell bwall- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bProtective band breinforcing bstructure bfound bin bcertain
bcells, bsituated boutside bthe bplasma bmembrane. bBacterial bcell bwalls bare bmainly bbuilt
bof bpeptidoglycan, balthough bthey bmay balso bcontain blipidic bmolecules. bAmong
beukaryotes, bplants band bfungi bpossess bcell bwalls, bmade bof bcellulose band bchitin,
brespectively.
cellular brespiration- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bUse bof boxygen bto brelease benergy bfrom
bnutrients; balso bcalled baerobic brespiration.
Centromere- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bspecific bsection bof ba bchromosome bwhere
bspindle bfibers battach bduring bcell bdivision; balso bthe bconnection bpoint bof bsister
bchromatids.
Chlorophyll- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bplant bpigment bused bto babsorb blight benergy bfor
bphotosynthesis. bChlorophyll bgives bplants btheir bgreen bcolor bbecause bit babsorbs bred
band bblue blight bparticularly bwell, bwhile breflecting bgreen.
Chloroplast- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bAn borganelle bfound bin bplants band bphotosynthetic
bprotists b(single-celled beukaryotic borganisms) bthat bcontain bpigments bsuch bas
bchlorophyl. bIts bprimary bfunction bis bto bcapture bsolar benergy band bconvert bit binto
bchemical benergy bthrough bthe bprocess bof bphotosynthesis. bChloroplast babsorbs
bsunlight benergy band buses bthe benergy bto bpower bthe bsynthesis bof borganic bfood
bmolecules b(sugars). bA bchloroplast bcontains bits bown bDNA bas ba bsingle bcircular
bchromosome.
Sister bChromatid b- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bOne bof btwo bidentical bcopies bof ba
bchromosome bduplicated bduring bthe bS bphase bof bthe bcell bcycle. bA bcentromere
bconnects btwo bsister bchromatids btogether. bWhen bjoined btogether, bsister bchromatids
bcompose bone bchromosome. bChromatids bare bseparated bfrom beach bother bduring
bmitosis bor bmeiosis bII.
Citric bacid bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe b2nd bstage bof baerobic bcellular
brespiration bthat boccurs bwhen bacetyl bCoA bcombines bwith ba bfour-carbon bmolecule
, band bgoes bthrough ba bcycle bof breactions, bultimately bproducing bATP, bNADH,
bFADH2, band bCO2.
climate bchange- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bIt bis bthe bfull brange bof bclimatic bdisruptions
bthat bhave boccurred bas ba bprobable bresult bof bhuman balteration bof bthe batmosphere.
bIn bother bwords, bit bis brecent bclimate bwarming—and bweirdness—that bis bprobably
bcaused bby bhuman bactivities band btechnology buse.
Codominance- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bform bof bdominance bwhere bboth balleles bof ba
bgene bpair bin ba bheterozygote bare bfully bexpressed. bThis bresults bin boffspring bwith ba
bphenotype bthat bis bneither bdominant bnor brecessive. bA btypical bexample bshowing
bcodominance bis bthe bABO bblood bgroup bsystem.
Codons- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bsequence bof bthree bnucleotides bin ban bmRNA
bmolecule bthat bspecifies bwhich bamino bacid bshould bbe badded bto ba bgrowing
bpolypeptide bchain.
Commensalism- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bsymbiotic brelationship bin bwhich bone
bspecies bbenefits band bthe bother bdoes bnot, bbut balso bis bnot bharmed.
Competition- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA btype bof binterspecific binteraction bwhere bboth
bspecies bare bharmed.
complementary bbase bpairing- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bDescribes bthe bhydrogen bbonding
bthat boccurs bbetween bspecific bnucleotides bon bopposing bstrands bof bDNA bor bRNA.
bIn bDNA, badenine bis bpaired bwith bthymine, band bguanine bis bpaired bwith bcytosine.
bWhen bRNA bis bmade bfrom bDNA, badenine bis bpaired bwith buracil, band bguanine bis
bpaired bwith bcytosine.
Consumers- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bAn borganism bthat bmust beat bor babsorb bcomplex
bfood bmolecules bderived bfrom bthe bbodies bof bother borganisms. bConsumers bget
btheir benergy band bnutrients bfrom bsuch bfood bmolecules. bHumans band bother banimals
bare bconsumers, bas bare bfungi band bmost bbacteria.
covalent bbonds- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bCovalent bbonds brepresent bthe bsharing bof bthe
belectrons b(negatively bcharged bsubatomic bparticles bbetween batoms). bThe bnumber
bof bcovalent bbonds bthat bcan bform bis bdictated bby bthe bnumber bof bunpaired
belectrons bin bthe bouter bvalence bshell bof bthe batom.
Cytoplasm- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bsubstance bthat bfills bthe binside bcontents bof ba
bcell bbetween bthe bplasma bmembrane band bthe bnucleus. bContains ba bsemifluid
bmedium, bcomposed bmainly bof bwater, band borganelles b(organelles bare bpresent bonly
bif bit bis ba beukaryotic bcell).
GUIDE WITH OFFER ON SOLUTIONS
Adaptation- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe badjustment bor bchanges bin bbehavior,
bphysiology, band bstructure bof ban borganism bto bbecome bmore bsuited bto ban
benvironment.
Aerobic- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bprocess bthat brequires boxygen.
Allele b-An balternative bform bof ba bgene. bAn bexample bwould bbe bgenes bthat bencode
beye bcolor—some bencode bblue beyes b(one ballele), bwhile bothers bencode bbrown,
bgreen, bor bhazel beye bcolors b(other balleles). b- b bcorrect banswer- b b
amino bacids b- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bsmall borganic bmolecule bwith bthe bstructure bof
ban bamino bgroup, ba bcarboxylic bacid bgroup, band ban b"R" bgroup, bwhich bare ball
bbonded bto ba bsingle bcentral bcarbon batom. bThe bdifference bbetween bthe b"R" bgroup
bis bwhat bdistinguishes bone bamino bacid bfrom banother. bAmino bacids bare bthe
bbuilding bblocks bof bproteins.
Anaerobic- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bprocess bthat boccurs bwithout boxygen.
Anaphase- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bstage bwithin bthe bmitosis bphase bof bcell bdivision
b(also bknown bas bcell breproduction). bAnaphase bstarts bwhen bsister bchromatids
bseparate bfrom beach bother band bends bwhen beach bset bof bseparated, bsister
bchromatids barrives bat bthe bopposite bpoles bof bthe bcell.
anaphase bI- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bthird bstage bof bMeiosis bI—the btwo
bhomologous bchromosomes bseparate band bmigrate btoward bopposite bpoles.
,anaphase bII- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bthird bstage bin bMeiosis bII—the bcentromeres
bseparate band bthe bsister bchromatids b(now bindividual bchromosomes) bmove btoward
bthe bopposite bpoles bof bthe bcell.
artificial bselection- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bDeliberate bmating bbetween btwo bindividuals
bwho bwere bselected bbased bon bdesired btraits.
asexual breproduction b- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA btype bof breproduction bwhere
bgenetically bidentical boffspring bare bcreated bfrom ba bsingle bparent. bThis btype bof
breproduction bdoes bnot butilize bmeiosis bor bgametes. bBacteria
and bfungi bare bexamples bof borganisms bthat breproduce bin bthis bmanner. b- b bcorrect
banswer- b b
Atom- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bbasic bunit bof bmatter bthat bcannot bbe bfurther
bbroken bdown bwithout blosing bits bunique bproperties. bOne batom bconsists bof ba bdense
bnucleus bsurrounded bby ba bcloud bof belectrons.
Autosomal- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bDescribes ba btrait bassociated bwith balleles blocated
bon bautosomes b(non bsex bchromosomes).
autosomal bchromosome- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bchromosome bnot binvolved bin bsex
bdetermination.
biogeochemical bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bprocesses bthat btransfer bchemical
belements bbetween bbiotic band babiotic bcomponents bin ban becosystem. bThere bare
bseveral bmain bcycles: bthe bwater bcycle, bthe bcarbon bcycle, bthe bnitrogen bcycle, band
bthe bphosphorus bcycle.
Biome- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA blarge bnaturally boccurring bcommunity bof bplants band
banimals boccupying ba bmajor bhabitat. bExamples binclude btropical bforest band barctic
btundra.
Biomes- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bpattern bof bdistribution bof becosystems bacross bthe
bglobe, bwhere bsimilar benvironmental bconditions blead bto bsimilar banimal band bplant
badaptations. bExamples bof bbiomes binclude btropical brainforests, bdeserts, band btundra.
biosphere- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bAll bareas bon, bwithin, band baround bthe bplanet bEarth
bthat bare bcapable bof bsupporting blife.
Calvin bcycle b(Calvin-Ben b- b bcorrect banswer- b bson bcycle bor blight-independent
breaction)- bThe bset bof bchemical breactions bthat btake bplace bin bchloroplasts bduring
bphotosynthesis. bThe bcycle bis blight-independent bbecause bit btakes bplace bafter bthe
benergy bhas bbeen bcaptured bfrom bsunlight. bAlso bcalled bCalvin-Benson bCycle,
bBenson-Calvin bCycle.
,Carbohydrates- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bextracellular bsurface bof bthe bcell
bmembrane bis bdecorated bwith bcarbohydrate bgroups battached bto blipids band
bproteins. bThese bshort bcarbohydrates bplay ba brole bin bgiving ba bcell bits bidentity b(i.e.,
bdistinguishing bself bfrom bnon-self) band bare bthe bdistinguishing bfactor bin bhuman
bblood btypes.
carbon bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bbiogeochemical bcycle bthrough bwhich
bcarbon bflows bbetween bthe batmosphere, bwater, bland, band becosystems.
cell bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bseries bof bphases bin bthe blife bof bthe bcell bthrough
bwhich bit bgrows band bdivides.
cell bwall- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bProtective band breinforcing bstructure bfound bin bcertain
bcells, bsituated boutside bthe bplasma bmembrane. bBacterial bcell bwalls bare bmainly bbuilt
bof bpeptidoglycan, balthough bthey bmay balso bcontain blipidic bmolecules. bAmong
beukaryotes, bplants band bfungi bpossess bcell bwalls, bmade bof bcellulose band bchitin,
brespectively.
cellular brespiration- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bUse bof boxygen bto brelease benergy bfrom
bnutrients; balso bcalled baerobic brespiration.
Centromere- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bspecific bsection bof ba bchromosome bwhere
bspindle bfibers battach bduring bcell bdivision; balso bthe bconnection bpoint bof bsister
bchromatids.
Chlorophyll- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bplant bpigment bused bto babsorb blight benergy bfor
bphotosynthesis. bChlorophyll bgives bplants btheir bgreen bcolor bbecause bit babsorbs bred
band bblue blight bparticularly bwell, bwhile breflecting bgreen.
Chloroplast- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bAn borganelle bfound bin bplants band bphotosynthetic
bprotists b(single-celled beukaryotic borganisms) bthat bcontain bpigments bsuch bas
bchlorophyl. bIts bprimary bfunction bis bto bcapture bsolar benergy band bconvert bit binto
bchemical benergy bthrough bthe bprocess bof bphotosynthesis. bChloroplast babsorbs
bsunlight benergy band buses bthe benergy bto bpower bthe bsynthesis bof borganic bfood
bmolecules b(sugars). bA bchloroplast bcontains bits bown bDNA bas ba bsingle bcircular
bchromosome.
Sister bChromatid b- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bOne bof btwo bidentical bcopies bof ba
bchromosome bduplicated bduring bthe bS bphase bof bthe bcell bcycle. bA bcentromere
bconnects btwo bsister bchromatids btogether. bWhen bjoined btogether, bsister bchromatids
bcompose bone bchromosome. bChromatids bare bseparated bfrom beach bother bduring
bmitosis bor bmeiosis bII.
Citric bacid bcycle- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe b2nd bstage bof baerobic bcellular
brespiration bthat boccurs bwhen bacetyl bCoA bcombines bwith ba bfour-carbon bmolecule
, band bgoes bthrough ba bcycle bof breactions, bultimately bproducing bATP, bNADH,
bFADH2, band bCO2.
climate bchange- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bIt bis bthe bfull brange bof bclimatic bdisruptions
bthat bhave boccurred bas ba bprobable bresult bof bhuman balteration bof bthe batmosphere.
bIn bother bwords, bit bis brecent bclimate bwarming—and bweirdness—that bis bprobably
bcaused bby bhuman bactivities band btechnology buse.
Codominance- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bform bof bdominance bwhere bboth balleles bof ba
bgene bpair bin ba bheterozygote bare bfully bexpressed. bThis bresults bin boffspring bwith ba
bphenotype bthat bis bneither bdominant bnor brecessive. bA btypical bexample bshowing
bcodominance bis bthe bABO bblood bgroup bsystem.
Codons- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bsequence bof bthree bnucleotides bin ban bmRNA
bmolecule bthat bspecifies bwhich bamino bacid bshould bbe badded bto ba bgrowing
bpolypeptide bchain.
Commensalism- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA bsymbiotic brelationship bin bwhich bone
bspecies bbenefits band bthe bother bdoes bnot, bbut balso bis bnot bharmed.
Competition- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bA btype bof binterspecific binteraction bwhere bboth
bspecies bare bharmed.
complementary bbase bpairing- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bDescribes bthe bhydrogen bbonding
bthat boccurs bbetween bspecific bnucleotides bon bopposing bstrands bof bDNA bor bRNA.
bIn bDNA, badenine bis bpaired bwith bthymine, band bguanine bis bpaired bwith bcytosine.
bWhen bRNA bis bmade bfrom bDNA, badenine bis bpaired bwith buracil, band bguanine bis
bpaired bwith bcytosine.
Consumers- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bAn borganism bthat bmust beat bor babsorb bcomplex
bfood bmolecules bderived bfrom bthe bbodies bof bother borganisms. bConsumers bget
btheir benergy band bnutrients bfrom bsuch bfood bmolecules. bHumans band bother banimals
bare bconsumers, bas bare bfungi band bmost bbacteria.
covalent bbonds- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bCovalent bbonds brepresent bthe bsharing bof bthe
belectrons b(negatively bcharged bsubatomic bparticles bbetween batoms). bThe bnumber
bof bcovalent bbonds bthat bcan bform bis bdictated bby bthe bnumber bof bunpaired
belectrons bin bthe bouter bvalence bshell bof bthe batom.
Cytoplasm- b- b bcorrect banswer- b bThe bsubstance bthat bfills bthe binside bcontents bof ba
bcell bbetween bthe bplasma bmembrane band bthe bnucleus. bContains ba bsemifluid
bmedium, bcomposed bmainly bof bwater, band borganelles b(organelles bare bpresent bonly
bif bit bis ba beukaryotic bcell).
