NST 10 Midterm 3 Exam 2025
Questions and Answers
Muscle Energy Systems - ANSWER✔✔-Power - Immediate Energy Sources
Speed - Glycogenolytic and Glycolytic Energy Sources
Endurance - Oxidative Energy Sources
Measuring Metabolism in vivo - ANSWER✔✔-Indirect Calorimetry, Biopsies, Arterial-
Venous differences and Tissue Blood Flow, Isotope Tracers
Glycolysis - ANSWER✔✔-The dissolution of sugar
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway - ANSWER✔✔-1) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --->
2) Lactate- + 2 ATP + Heat
Iron-deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✔-results in small red blood cells (microcytic) that
do not contain enough hemoglobin; symptoms are fatigue, pale skin, impaired work
performance, depressed immune function, impaired memory ; severe iron deficiency
,Iron Overload: Hemochromatosis - ANSWER✔✔-genetic disease, accumulated iron
damages cells: progressive hepatic, pancreatic, cardiac, and other organ damage; made
worse in alcohol
Copper - ANSWER✔✔-About 30-40% in diet is absorbed; High Zn intake strongly
inhibits absorption; absorption is reduced by high intake of iron, other metals, large
doses of vitamin C and antacids; absorbed copper is bound to albumin and transported
to the liver; binds to ceruloplasmin in the liver for delivery to the tissues by oxidizing
Fe2+( ferrous) iron to Fe3+ (ferric) iron which can then be bound to transferrin
Copper-containing proteins are involved in - ANSWER✔✔-iron and lipid metabolism,
connective tissue synthesis, maintenance of heart muscle, immune and central nerve
systems
food sources of zinc - ANSWER✔✔-meat, fish, oysters: rich sources, well absorbed;
dairy, whole grains, legumes: lower rates of absorption; not in refined flours; inhibited
by phytates, high fiber
functions of zinc - ANSWER✔✔-Cofactor; RNA synthesis; Stabilizes proteins that
regulate gene expression - Zinc fingers; Functions in > 300 enzymes for growth, protein
synthesis, sexual maturation; Stabilizes cell membranes
zinc - in digestive tract - ANSWER✔✔-Absorption: regulated by zinc transport proteins;
Amount of zinc that enter the blood is regulated by metallothionein
,body does NOT need zinc - ANSWER✔✔-Zinc sloughed off with intestinal cells
Parathyroid hormone - ANSWER✔✔-a gland next to the thyroid that secretes a
hormone that regulates calcium levels in a person's body; reabsorption of Ca by kidney,
but does not conserve P; release of Ca (& P) from bone; absorption of dietary Ca from
intestine
Calcitonin - ANSWER✔✔-a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of
lowering blood calcium.
Cofactor - ANSWER✔✔-a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is
essential for the activity of an enzyme.
Bioavailability - ANSWER✔✔-What % of a nutrient can be absorbed
Osteoporosis - ANSWER✔✔-a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and
fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of
calcium or vitamin D
Oxalate - ANSWER✔✔-any salt or ester of oxalic acid, occurring in plants, especially
spinach, rhubarb, and certain other vegetables and nuts, and capable of forming an
insoluble salt with calcium and interfering with its absorption by the body.
Trabecular bone - ANSWER✔✔-is one of the two types of bone tissue found in the
human body; found at the ends of long bones, as well as in the pelvic bones, ribs, skull,
and the vertebrae in the spinal column
, Osteoblasts - ANSWER✔✔-a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
phospholipid - ANSWER✔✔-a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g.,
lecithin.
Functions of Phosphorus - ANSWER✔✔-bone mineralization, phospholipids, and
energy transfer (ATP, ADP, GTP)
food sources from calcium - ANSWER✔✔-Dairy products (except cottage cheese), tofu,
green leafy vegetables
food sources from phosphorus - ANSWER✔✔-Ubiquitous, deficient only if low energy
and protein intakes
list of trace minerals - ANSWER✔✔-Iron, Copper, Selenium, Zinc, Iodide, Fluoride
trace minerals - ANSWER✔✔-essential; daily need less than 100 mg; biological
functions: component of enzymes and DNA synthesis; NOT a source of energy;
deficiency produce abnormalities
difficulties in studying trace minerals - ANSWER✔✔-Trace metal contamination is
everywhere: need acid-washed, ultra clean glassware, double-distilled and deionized
water, filtered air, ultra purified diet components, stainless steel or plastic cages; tests
use blood samples, but blood may not be sensitive measure, e.g. calcium; marginal
deficiencies may not be detected.
Questions and Answers
Muscle Energy Systems - ANSWER✔✔-Power - Immediate Energy Sources
Speed - Glycogenolytic and Glycolytic Energy Sources
Endurance - Oxidative Energy Sources
Measuring Metabolism in vivo - ANSWER✔✔-Indirect Calorimetry, Biopsies, Arterial-
Venous differences and Tissue Blood Flow, Isotope Tracers
Glycolysis - ANSWER✔✔-The dissolution of sugar
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway - ANSWER✔✔-1) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --->
2) Lactate- + 2 ATP + Heat
Iron-deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✔-results in small red blood cells (microcytic) that
do not contain enough hemoglobin; symptoms are fatigue, pale skin, impaired work
performance, depressed immune function, impaired memory ; severe iron deficiency
,Iron Overload: Hemochromatosis - ANSWER✔✔-genetic disease, accumulated iron
damages cells: progressive hepatic, pancreatic, cardiac, and other organ damage; made
worse in alcohol
Copper - ANSWER✔✔-About 30-40% in diet is absorbed; High Zn intake strongly
inhibits absorption; absorption is reduced by high intake of iron, other metals, large
doses of vitamin C and antacids; absorbed copper is bound to albumin and transported
to the liver; binds to ceruloplasmin in the liver for delivery to the tissues by oxidizing
Fe2+( ferrous) iron to Fe3+ (ferric) iron which can then be bound to transferrin
Copper-containing proteins are involved in - ANSWER✔✔-iron and lipid metabolism,
connective tissue synthesis, maintenance of heart muscle, immune and central nerve
systems
food sources of zinc - ANSWER✔✔-meat, fish, oysters: rich sources, well absorbed;
dairy, whole grains, legumes: lower rates of absorption; not in refined flours; inhibited
by phytates, high fiber
functions of zinc - ANSWER✔✔-Cofactor; RNA synthesis; Stabilizes proteins that
regulate gene expression - Zinc fingers; Functions in > 300 enzymes for growth, protein
synthesis, sexual maturation; Stabilizes cell membranes
zinc - in digestive tract - ANSWER✔✔-Absorption: regulated by zinc transport proteins;
Amount of zinc that enter the blood is regulated by metallothionein
,body does NOT need zinc - ANSWER✔✔-Zinc sloughed off with intestinal cells
Parathyroid hormone - ANSWER✔✔-a gland next to the thyroid that secretes a
hormone that regulates calcium levels in a person's body; reabsorption of Ca by kidney,
but does not conserve P; release of Ca (& P) from bone; absorption of dietary Ca from
intestine
Calcitonin - ANSWER✔✔-a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of
lowering blood calcium.
Cofactor - ANSWER✔✔-a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is
essential for the activity of an enzyme.
Bioavailability - ANSWER✔✔-What % of a nutrient can be absorbed
Osteoporosis - ANSWER✔✔-a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and
fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of
calcium or vitamin D
Oxalate - ANSWER✔✔-any salt or ester of oxalic acid, occurring in plants, especially
spinach, rhubarb, and certain other vegetables and nuts, and capable of forming an
insoluble salt with calcium and interfering with its absorption by the body.
Trabecular bone - ANSWER✔✔-is one of the two types of bone tissue found in the
human body; found at the ends of long bones, as well as in the pelvic bones, ribs, skull,
and the vertebrae in the spinal column
, Osteoblasts - ANSWER✔✔-a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
phospholipid - ANSWER✔✔-a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g.,
lecithin.
Functions of Phosphorus - ANSWER✔✔-bone mineralization, phospholipids, and
energy transfer (ATP, ADP, GTP)
food sources from calcium - ANSWER✔✔-Dairy products (except cottage cheese), tofu,
green leafy vegetables
food sources from phosphorus - ANSWER✔✔-Ubiquitous, deficient only if low energy
and protein intakes
list of trace minerals - ANSWER✔✔-Iron, Copper, Selenium, Zinc, Iodide, Fluoride
trace minerals - ANSWER✔✔-essential; daily need less than 100 mg; biological
functions: component of enzymes and DNA synthesis; NOT a source of energy;
deficiency produce abnormalities
difficulties in studying trace minerals - ANSWER✔✔-Trace metal contamination is
everywhere: need acid-washed, ultra clean glassware, double-distilled and deionized
water, filtered air, ultra purified diet components, stainless steel or plastic cages; tests
use blood samples, but blood may not be sensitive measure, e.g. calcium; marginal
deficiencies may not be detected.
