NCTRC EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Contingent Feedback - Correct Answers -acknowledge the effort the person makes.
Avoid direct negative statements
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *0-2 years old* - Correct Answers -Name:
Oral
Pleasure Source: Mouth (sucking, biting, swallowing)
Conflict: Weaning away from mother's breast
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *2-4 years old* - Correct Answers -Name:
Anal
Pleasure Source: Anus (defecating or holding feces)
Conflict: Toilet training
Motivational Feedback - Correct Answers -provide positive feedback. Words, smiling
and nodding
Informational Feedback - Correct Answers -specific information to do a task or to correct
errors
PPE - Correct Answers -personal protective equipment including: gown, mask, goggles,
and gloves
Dual relationships - Correct Answers -the CTRS has a relationship with the client
outside of the therapeutic environment - client should be reassigned
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *4-5 years old* - Correct Answers -Name:
Phallic
Pleasure Source: Genitals
Conflict: Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls)
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *6 years old - puberty* - Correct Answers -
Name: Latency
Pleasure Source: Sexual urges sublimated into sport and hobbies; same-sex friend also
help avoid sexual feelings
Conflict:
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *puberty onwards* - Correct Answers -
Name: Genital
,Pleasure Source: Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed needs; direct sexual
feelings towards others lead to sexual gratification
Conflict: Social rules
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Oral-Sensory* (Birth to 1 year) -
Correct Answers -*Trust vs. mistrust:* Babies learn either to trust or mistrust that others
will care for their basic needs including nourishment, sucking, warm, cleanliness, and
physical contact
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Musculo-Anal* (1-3 years) - Correct
Answers -*Autonomy vs. shame and doubt:* Children learn to either be self-sufficient in
many activities, including tolerating, feeding, walking, and talking or to doubt their own
abilities
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Locomotor-Genital* (3-5 years) -
Correct Answers -*Initiative vs. guilt:* Children want to undertake many adult like
activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and feel guilty
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Latency* (6-11 years) - Correct
Answers -*Industry vs. inferiority:* Children busily learn to be competent and productive
to feel inferior and unable to do anything well
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adolescence* (12-18 years) - Correct
Answers -*Identity vs. role confusion:* Adolescents try to figure out "Who Am I?" and
they establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities, or are confused about what future
roles to play
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Young Adulthood* (19-35 years) -
Correct Answers -*Intimacy vs. isolation:* Young adults seek companionship and love
with another person or become isolated from others
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adulthood* (35-50 years) - Correct
Answers -Generativity vs. stagnation:* Middle aged adults are productive, performing
meaningful work, and raising a family, or become stagnant and inactive
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Maturity* (50+) - Correct Answers -
*Integrity vs. despair:* Older adults try to make send out of their lives, either seeing life
as meaningful and whole or despairing at goals never reached and questions never
answered
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Sensory-Motor* (Birth to 2 years) - Correct
Answers -• Differentiates self from objects
• Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally (ex: pulls a strong to
set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make noise)
• Achieves object permanence, realizes that things continue to exist even when no
longer present to the sense
,Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Pre-Operational* (2-7 years) - Correct
Answers -• Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words
• Thinking is still egocentric, has difficulty taking the viewpoints of others
• Classifies objects by a single feature (ex: groups together all red blocks, regardless of
shape, or all the square blocks, regardless of color)
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Concrete Operational* (7-11 years) - Correct
Answers -• Can think logically about objects and events
• Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)
• Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in a series along a
single dimension, such as size
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Formal Operational* (11+) - Correct Answers
-• Can think logically about abstract prepositions and test hypothesis systematically
• Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: *Early Adulthood* - Correct Answers -•
Finding a mate
• Having children
• Managing a home
• Getting started in a profession
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: *Middle Age Adulthood* - Correct Answers -•
Achieving civic and social responsibility
• Economic standard or living
• Raising teens
• Developing leisure activities
• Retirement
• Reduced income
• Ties with peers
Stress - Correct Answers -• Relationship between person and environment that is
appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources or endangering his
or her well-being
• A state that results from an actual or perceived imbalance between the demand and
the capability of the individual to cope with and/or adapt to that demand that upsets the
individual's short-or-long term homeostasis
When stress is perceived, people engage in a cognitive appraisal process: - Correct
Answers -• Primary - Appraise the risk or threat
• Secondary - Appraise options for responding
Stress - Coping - Correct Answers -• The process of dealing with stress and your
response to the stress
, • Any effort to master conditions of harm, threat or challenge and bring the person back
into equilibrium.
• Four buffers to help manage stress with recreation/leisure:
1. Sense of competence
2. Nature and extent of exercise
3. Sense of purpose
4. Leisure activity
• Cognitive and behavior efforts to manage external and/or internal demands
Two types of stress coping: - Correct Answers -• Problem-focused
• Emotion-focused
Attribution Model - Correct Answers -• The casual analysis of behavior
• The process by which a person attributes or makes casual inferences "to what I
attribute my success and
failures"
• People formulate explanations for their own and others successes and failures
Attribution Model: Two Dimensions - Correct Answers -• Stability (stable/unstable)
• Locus of control (internal/external)
Attribution Model: Four Determinants of Success of Failure - Correct Answers -• Ability
(stable-internal)
• Effort (unstable-internal)
• Task difficulty (stable-external)
• Luck (unstable-external)
Learned Helplessness - Correct Answers -• a perceived lack of control over events
• no matter how much energy is expended, the situation is futile and you are helpless to
change things
• people learn to be helpless and become dependant
• behaviours and outcomes are out of one's control
• occurs when people are exposed to repeatedly to uncontrollable events and being to
learn that
responding is futile
• When people learn that responding does not work they cease to explore other
behavioral options.
Perceived Freedom - Correct Answers -• When a person does not feel forced or
constrained to participate and does not feel inhibited or limited by
the environment
• Means that the activity or setting is more likely to be viewed as leisure when
individuals attribute their
reasons for participation to themselves (i.e. actions are freely chosen) rather than
determined externally
by someone else of by circumstances.
Contingent Feedback - Correct Answers -acknowledge the effort the person makes.
Avoid direct negative statements
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *0-2 years old* - Correct Answers -Name:
Oral
Pleasure Source: Mouth (sucking, biting, swallowing)
Conflict: Weaning away from mother's breast
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *2-4 years old* - Correct Answers -Name:
Anal
Pleasure Source: Anus (defecating or holding feces)
Conflict: Toilet training
Motivational Feedback - Correct Answers -provide positive feedback. Words, smiling
and nodding
Informational Feedback - Correct Answers -specific information to do a task or to correct
errors
PPE - Correct Answers -personal protective equipment including: gown, mask, goggles,
and gloves
Dual relationships - Correct Answers -the CTRS has a relationship with the client
outside of the therapeutic environment - client should be reassigned
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *4-5 years old* - Correct Answers -Name:
Phallic
Pleasure Source: Genitals
Conflict: Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls)
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *6 years old - puberty* - Correct Answers -
Name: Latency
Pleasure Source: Sexual urges sublimated into sport and hobbies; same-sex friend also
help avoid sexual feelings
Conflict:
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *puberty onwards* - Correct Answers -
Name: Genital
,Pleasure Source: Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed needs; direct sexual
feelings towards others lead to sexual gratification
Conflict: Social rules
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Oral-Sensory* (Birth to 1 year) -
Correct Answers -*Trust vs. mistrust:* Babies learn either to trust or mistrust that others
will care for their basic needs including nourishment, sucking, warm, cleanliness, and
physical contact
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Musculo-Anal* (1-3 years) - Correct
Answers -*Autonomy vs. shame and doubt:* Children learn to either be self-sufficient in
many activities, including tolerating, feeding, walking, and talking or to doubt their own
abilities
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Locomotor-Genital* (3-5 years) -
Correct Answers -*Initiative vs. guilt:* Children want to undertake many adult like
activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and feel guilty
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Latency* (6-11 years) - Correct
Answers -*Industry vs. inferiority:* Children busily learn to be competent and productive
to feel inferior and unable to do anything well
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adolescence* (12-18 years) - Correct
Answers -*Identity vs. role confusion:* Adolescents try to figure out "Who Am I?" and
they establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities, or are confused about what future
roles to play
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Young Adulthood* (19-35 years) -
Correct Answers -*Intimacy vs. isolation:* Young adults seek companionship and love
with another person or become isolated from others
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adulthood* (35-50 years) - Correct
Answers -Generativity vs. stagnation:* Middle aged adults are productive, performing
meaningful work, and raising a family, or become stagnant and inactive
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Maturity* (50+) - Correct Answers -
*Integrity vs. despair:* Older adults try to make send out of their lives, either seeing life
as meaningful and whole or despairing at goals never reached and questions never
answered
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Sensory-Motor* (Birth to 2 years) - Correct
Answers -• Differentiates self from objects
• Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally (ex: pulls a strong to
set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make noise)
• Achieves object permanence, realizes that things continue to exist even when no
longer present to the sense
,Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Pre-Operational* (2-7 years) - Correct
Answers -• Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words
• Thinking is still egocentric, has difficulty taking the viewpoints of others
• Classifies objects by a single feature (ex: groups together all red blocks, regardless of
shape, or all the square blocks, regardless of color)
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Concrete Operational* (7-11 years) - Correct
Answers -• Can think logically about objects and events
• Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)
• Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in a series along a
single dimension, such as size
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Formal Operational* (11+) - Correct Answers
-• Can think logically about abstract prepositions and test hypothesis systematically
• Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: *Early Adulthood* - Correct Answers -•
Finding a mate
• Having children
• Managing a home
• Getting started in a profession
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: *Middle Age Adulthood* - Correct Answers -•
Achieving civic and social responsibility
• Economic standard or living
• Raising teens
• Developing leisure activities
• Retirement
• Reduced income
• Ties with peers
Stress - Correct Answers -• Relationship between person and environment that is
appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources or endangering his
or her well-being
• A state that results from an actual or perceived imbalance between the demand and
the capability of the individual to cope with and/or adapt to that demand that upsets the
individual's short-or-long term homeostasis
When stress is perceived, people engage in a cognitive appraisal process: - Correct
Answers -• Primary - Appraise the risk or threat
• Secondary - Appraise options for responding
Stress - Coping - Correct Answers -• The process of dealing with stress and your
response to the stress
, • Any effort to master conditions of harm, threat or challenge and bring the person back
into equilibrium.
• Four buffers to help manage stress with recreation/leisure:
1. Sense of competence
2. Nature and extent of exercise
3. Sense of purpose
4. Leisure activity
• Cognitive and behavior efforts to manage external and/or internal demands
Two types of stress coping: - Correct Answers -• Problem-focused
• Emotion-focused
Attribution Model - Correct Answers -• The casual analysis of behavior
• The process by which a person attributes or makes casual inferences "to what I
attribute my success and
failures"
• People formulate explanations for their own and others successes and failures
Attribution Model: Two Dimensions - Correct Answers -• Stability (stable/unstable)
• Locus of control (internal/external)
Attribution Model: Four Determinants of Success of Failure - Correct Answers -• Ability
(stable-internal)
• Effort (unstable-internal)
• Task difficulty (stable-external)
• Luck (unstable-external)
Learned Helplessness - Correct Answers -• a perceived lack of control over events
• no matter how much energy is expended, the situation is futile and you are helpless to
change things
• people learn to be helpless and become dependant
• behaviours and outcomes are out of one's control
• occurs when people are exposed to repeatedly to uncontrollable events and being to
learn that
responding is futile
• When people learn that responding does not work they cease to explore other
behavioral options.
Perceived Freedom - Correct Answers -• When a person does not feel forced or
constrained to participate and does not feel inhibited or limited by
the environment
• Means that the activity or setting is more likely to be viewed as leisure when
individuals attribute their
reasons for participation to themselves (i.e. actions are freely chosen) rather than
determined externally
by someone else of by circumstances.
