PN FUNDAMENTALS EVALUATION EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔A nurse is instructing a group of nursing students about the responsibilities involved
with organ
donation and procurement. When the nurse explains that all clients waiting for a kidney
transplant have
to meet the same qualifications, the students should understand that this aspect of care
delivery is an
example of which of the following ethical principles?
A. Fidelity
B. Autonomy
C. Justice
D. Nonmaleficence - ✔✔C. Justice
Justice is fairness in care delivery and in the use of resources. By applying the same
qualifications to all potential kidney transplant recipients, organ procurement
organizations
demonstrate this ethical principle in determining the allocation of these scarce
resources.
✔✔A nurse questions a medication prescription as too extreme in light of the client's
advanced age
and unstable status. The nurse understands that this action is an example of which of
the following
ethical principles?
A. Fidelity
B. Autonomy
C. Justice
D. Nonmaleficence - ✔✔D. Nonmaleficence
Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm or injury. In this situation, administering the
medication could harm the client. By questioning it, the nurse is demonstrating this
ethical principle.
✔✔A nurse is instructing a group of nursing students about how to know and what to
expect when ethical
dilemmas arise. Which of the following situations should the students identify as an
ethical dilemma?
A. A nurse on a medical-surgical unit demonstrates signs of chemical impairment.
B. A nurse overhears another nurse telling an older adult client that if he doesn't stay in
bed, she
will have to apply restraints.
C. A family has conflicting feelings about the initiation of enteral tube feedings for their
father, who
is terminally ill.
,D. A client who is terminally ill hesitates to name her spouse on her durable power of
attorney form. - ✔✔C. A family has conflicting feelings about the initiation of enteral tube
feedings for their father, who
is terminally ill.
Making the decision about initiating enteral tube feedings is an example of an ethical
dilemma. *A review of scientific data cannot resolve the issue, and it is not easy to
resolve. The
decision will have a profound effect on the situation and on the client.*
✔✔*Medical* asepsis
[AKA: "Clean Technique"] - ✔✔- practices* to reduce* the number, growth, and spread
of micro-organisms;
- Used for: admin oral meds, managing NG tubes, providing personal hygiene, etc.
✔✔*Surgical* asepsis
[AKA: "Sterile Technique"] - ✔✔- practices *to eliminate* all micro-organisms from an
object or area to prevent contamination;
- Used for: parenteral med admin, insertion of urinary catheters, surgical procedures,
sterile dressing changes, etc.
✔✔Latex allergy - ✔✔- Must use latex-free gloves;
- Schedule surgery first thing in the morning;
- Label O.R. as "latex free";
- clients w/latex allergy usually have an allergy to foods such as bananas, kiwis, and
avocados
✔✔Sterile Field - ✔✔- To open a wrapped-sterile kit: Pull *the top flap* [the one furthest
from your body] *away from your body* first;
- Outer packaging and 1" border around edges are *NOT* sterile;
- Any object below the waist, above the waist, or exposed to moisture should be
considered contaminated;
- Do *not* reach across or above a sterile field;
- Do *not* turn your back on a sterile field;
- Hold items to add to a sterile field at least 6" above the field
✔✔Donning Sterile Gloves - ✔✔- Use *non-dominant hand* and pick up *dominant-
hand glove* by grasping the folded bottom edge of the cuff * (only touching the inside of
the glove)*;
- Pull dominant glove onto dominant hand;
- With sterile dominant-gloved hand, place fingers of dominant hand *inside the cuff* of
the non-dominant glove, lifting it off the wrapper, and put non-dominant hand into it
, ✔✔1. When entering a client's room to change a surgical dressing, a nurse notes that
the client is coughing and sneezing. When preparing the sterile field, it is important that
the nurse
A. keep the sterile field at least 6 ft away from the client's bedside.
B. instruct the client to refrain from coughing and sneezing during the dressing change.
C. place a mask on the client to limit the spread of micro-organisms into the surgical
wound.
D. keep a box of facial tissues nearby for the client to use during the dressing change. -
✔✔C. place a mask on the client to limit the spread of micro-organisms into the surgical
wound.
✔✔2. A nurse is wearing sterile gloves in preparation for performing a sterile procedure.
Which of the following objects may the nurse touch without breaching sterile technique?
(Select all that apply.)
A. A bottle containing a sterile solution
B. The edge of the sterile drape at the base of the field
C. The inner wrapping of an item on the sterile field
D. An irrigation syringe on the sterile field
E. One gloved hand with the other gloved hand - ✔✔C. The inner wrapping of an item
on the sterile field
D. An irrigation syringe on the sterile field
E. One gloved hand with the other gloved hand
✔✔3. A nurse has removed a sterile pack from its outside cover and placed it on a
clean work surface in preparation for an invasive procedure. Which of the following flaps
should the nurse unfold first?
A. The flap closest to the body
B. The right side flap
C. The left side flap
D. The flap farthest from the body - ✔✔D. The flap farthest from the body
Unless the nurse pulls *the top flap [the one furthest from her body]* away from her
body first, she risks touching part of the inner surface of the wrap and thus
contaminating it.
✔✔4. A nurse is reviewing hand hygiene techniques with a group of assistive personnel
(AP). Which of the following instructions should the nurse include when discussing
handwashing? (Select all that apply.)
A. Apply 3 to 5 mL of liquid soap to dry hands.
B. Wash the hands with soap and water for at least 15 seconds.
C. Rinse the hands with hot water.
D. Use a clean paper towel to turn off hand faucets.
E. Allow the hands to air dry after washing. - ✔✔B. Wash the hands with soap and
water for at least 15 seconds.
D. Use a clean paper towel to turn off hand faucets.
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔A nurse is instructing a group of nursing students about the responsibilities involved
with organ
donation and procurement. When the nurse explains that all clients waiting for a kidney
transplant have
to meet the same qualifications, the students should understand that this aspect of care
delivery is an
example of which of the following ethical principles?
A. Fidelity
B. Autonomy
C. Justice
D. Nonmaleficence - ✔✔C. Justice
Justice is fairness in care delivery and in the use of resources. By applying the same
qualifications to all potential kidney transplant recipients, organ procurement
organizations
demonstrate this ethical principle in determining the allocation of these scarce
resources.
✔✔A nurse questions a medication prescription as too extreme in light of the client's
advanced age
and unstable status. The nurse understands that this action is an example of which of
the following
ethical principles?
A. Fidelity
B. Autonomy
C. Justice
D. Nonmaleficence - ✔✔D. Nonmaleficence
Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of harm or injury. In this situation, administering the
medication could harm the client. By questioning it, the nurse is demonstrating this
ethical principle.
✔✔A nurse is instructing a group of nursing students about how to know and what to
expect when ethical
dilemmas arise. Which of the following situations should the students identify as an
ethical dilemma?
A. A nurse on a medical-surgical unit demonstrates signs of chemical impairment.
B. A nurse overhears another nurse telling an older adult client that if he doesn't stay in
bed, she
will have to apply restraints.
C. A family has conflicting feelings about the initiation of enteral tube feedings for their
father, who
is terminally ill.
,D. A client who is terminally ill hesitates to name her spouse on her durable power of
attorney form. - ✔✔C. A family has conflicting feelings about the initiation of enteral tube
feedings for their father, who
is terminally ill.
Making the decision about initiating enteral tube feedings is an example of an ethical
dilemma. *A review of scientific data cannot resolve the issue, and it is not easy to
resolve. The
decision will have a profound effect on the situation and on the client.*
✔✔*Medical* asepsis
[AKA: "Clean Technique"] - ✔✔- practices* to reduce* the number, growth, and spread
of micro-organisms;
- Used for: admin oral meds, managing NG tubes, providing personal hygiene, etc.
✔✔*Surgical* asepsis
[AKA: "Sterile Technique"] - ✔✔- practices *to eliminate* all micro-organisms from an
object or area to prevent contamination;
- Used for: parenteral med admin, insertion of urinary catheters, surgical procedures,
sterile dressing changes, etc.
✔✔Latex allergy - ✔✔- Must use latex-free gloves;
- Schedule surgery first thing in the morning;
- Label O.R. as "latex free";
- clients w/latex allergy usually have an allergy to foods such as bananas, kiwis, and
avocados
✔✔Sterile Field - ✔✔- To open a wrapped-sterile kit: Pull *the top flap* [the one furthest
from your body] *away from your body* first;
- Outer packaging and 1" border around edges are *NOT* sterile;
- Any object below the waist, above the waist, or exposed to moisture should be
considered contaminated;
- Do *not* reach across or above a sterile field;
- Do *not* turn your back on a sterile field;
- Hold items to add to a sterile field at least 6" above the field
✔✔Donning Sterile Gloves - ✔✔- Use *non-dominant hand* and pick up *dominant-
hand glove* by grasping the folded bottom edge of the cuff * (only touching the inside of
the glove)*;
- Pull dominant glove onto dominant hand;
- With sterile dominant-gloved hand, place fingers of dominant hand *inside the cuff* of
the non-dominant glove, lifting it off the wrapper, and put non-dominant hand into it
, ✔✔1. When entering a client's room to change a surgical dressing, a nurse notes that
the client is coughing and sneezing. When preparing the sterile field, it is important that
the nurse
A. keep the sterile field at least 6 ft away from the client's bedside.
B. instruct the client to refrain from coughing and sneezing during the dressing change.
C. place a mask on the client to limit the spread of micro-organisms into the surgical
wound.
D. keep a box of facial tissues nearby for the client to use during the dressing change. -
✔✔C. place a mask on the client to limit the spread of micro-organisms into the surgical
wound.
✔✔2. A nurse is wearing sterile gloves in preparation for performing a sterile procedure.
Which of the following objects may the nurse touch without breaching sterile technique?
(Select all that apply.)
A. A bottle containing a sterile solution
B. The edge of the sterile drape at the base of the field
C. The inner wrapping of an item on the sterile field
D. An irrigation syringe on the sterile field
E. One gloved hand with the other gloved hand - ✔✔C. The inner wrapping of an item
on the sterile field
D. An irrigation syringe on the sterile field
E. One gloved hand with the other gloved hand
✔✔3. A nurse has removed a sterile pack from its outside cover and placed it on a
clean work surface in preparation for an invasive procedure. Which of the following flaps
should the nurse unfold first?
A. The flap closest to the body
B. The right side flap
C. The left side flap
D. The flap farthest from the body - ✔✔D. The flap farthest from the body
Unless the nurse pulls *the top flap [the one furthest from her body]* away from her
body first, she risks touching part of the inner surface of the wrap and thus
contaminating it.
✔✔4. A nurse is reviewing hand hygiene techniques with a group of assistive personnel
(AP). Which of the following instructions should the nurse include when discussing
handwashing? (Select all that apply.)
A. Apply 3 to 5 mL of liquid soap to dry hands.
B. Wash the hands with soap and water for at least 15 seconds.
C. Rinse the hands with hot water.
D. Use a clean paper towel to turn off hand faucets.
E. Allow the hands to air dry after washing. - ✔✔B. Wash the hands with soap and
water for at least 15 seconds.
D. Use a clean paper towel to turn off hand faucets.
