Health and Social Care
Unit 1: Human Lifespan Development
Human Growth and Development Through the Life Stages
Physical Development Across the Life Stages: 2-6.
Intellectual Development Across the Life Stages: 7-10.
Emotional Development Across the Life Stages: 11-14.
Social Development Across the Life Stages: 15-20.
Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development
The Nature/Nurture Debate Related to Factors: 21-22.
Genetic Factors that Affect Development: 23-26.
Environmental Factors that Affect Development: 27-29.
Social Factors that Affect Development: 30 -33.
Economic Factors that Affect Development: 34-35.
Major Life Events that Affect Development: 36-37.
Effects of Ageing
The Physical Changes of Ageing: 38-45.
The Psychological Changes of Ageing: 46-47.
The Societal Effects of an Ageing Population: 48-50.
1
, Human Growth and Development Through the Life Stages
Life Stages:
● Infancy 0-2.
● Early childhood 3-8.
● Adolescence 9-18.
● Early adulthood 19-45.
● Middle adulthood 46-65.
● Late adulthood 65+.
Physical Development Across the Life Stages
Growth and Development
Growth - Variable across different parts of the body and is measured using height, weight and dimensions. As height increases so does weight - a
process of growth. Increase in quantity.
Can use growth charts to measure a child's growth according to percentiles. Heredity can play a part in a child's growth.
Development - Orders of sequence that humans follow, focuses on attainment of skills and abilities. Changes and progression a person goes through
during their lives. Several types. Most humans experience ‘developmental norms’.
Developmental milestones - Orders of sequence that humans follow, focuses on attainment of skills and abilities. Changes and progression a person goes
through during their lives.
Developmental norms - Average set of expectations for a child's development, each child is unique.
Delayed development - When a baby or child does not show developments within expected time range.
Up to 6 months Up to 12 months Up to 18 months Up to 24 months
● Push up chest with ● Bum shuffles. ● Walk unaided. ● Begins to run and jump.
arms. ● Crawls. ● Move up and down ● Move up and down stairs
● Lift head. ● Grabs object with full stairs with support. without support.
● Roll over. hand. ● First words. ● Able to hold smaller objects
● Sit up without help. ● Babbles incomprehensible ● Feed themselves finger and develop new finger grips.
words. food. ● Begins to potty train.
● Want’s to be independent.
Gross motor skills - Large movements using the large muscles of the body. Control and coordination. Mobility.
Fine motor skills - Small movements that require more precise direction (dexterity) use smaller muscles.
2
, Physical Development in Infancy (0-2)
Infants developmental milestones - Babies are helpless in muscle control and coordination. Unable to make deliberate movements. Motor skills are
developed from birth, many milestones you would expect to see in the first 2 years of an infant's life.
Gross motor skills:
● Infants develop gross motor skills from the head down:
- At 6 months infants gradually control muscles in their neck and back so they can roll, sit and crawl.
- At 11-13 months the muscles in their legs develop so that they can stand, cruise and walk.
- At 2 years infants can climb onto low furniture and propel a sit on toy.
- At 2 and a half years they can kick a ball.
Fine motor skills:
● Hand-eye coordination - When a child is able to use their fingers to pick up small objects and also guide their fingers to take the
piece to another area. Build a brick tower, shape sorter.
● Manipulating - When an infant learns to control the small movements in their fingers. Picking up small objects with fingers.
● Gripping - When infants grasp things with their whole hand. A parent's finger or a rattle. Infants take part in a number of
activities that are designed to help them develop their gross/fine motor skills.
Gross motor skills task - Head, shoulders, knees and toes. If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands.
Fine motor skills task - Make paper dolls.
Age Gross Motor Skill Fine Motor Skills
Newborn Palmar grasp reflex. Hold thumbs tucked into hands.
1 month Lift chin. Open hand to grasp a finger.
3 months Can lift their head and chest when lying on front. Can briefly grasp a rattle.
6 months Sit up for a short time without support. Can pick up dropped toys if they are in sight (raking grasp).
9-10 months Cruise. Uses finger and thumb to hold a small piece (pincer grip).
12-13 months Walk without help. Manipulates and places toys.
18 months Climbs onto furniture. Builds a short tower with blocks.
2 years Propels a sit-on-toy with their feet. Draws lines and circles, turns a page.
2 and a half years Jumps from a low step. Use a spoon and fork.
As people move from infants to early childhood their gross and fine motor skills will continue to develop as they become independent.
3
, Physical Development in Early Childhood (3-8)
In early childhood the gross motor skills a person will perform is more complex. They require more control over the muscles, often involve coordination of
one or more limbs, and can be done quicker and more efficiently. Ability to use the finger and thumb and complete daily tasks such as fastening buttons.
Age Gross motor skill Fine motor skill
3 years Use pedals to ride a tricycle, run, and simple sentences. Use a pencil to copy letters, build a tower with cubes.
4 years Kick and throw a ball, simple sentences. Aim ball.
5 years Hop on each foot. Dress themselves, tie shoelaces and write name.
6 years Skip, ride a bike. Writing consistently on lines.
7 years Skip with a rope, balance on a low beam. Writing most numbers and letters correctly.
8 years Good strength and coordination. Draw detailed pictures, joined up writing.
Physical Development in Adolescence (9-18)
Puberty - Period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce and secondary sexual
characteristics develop. Important status change
Primary sexual characteristics - Changes and developments of reproductive organs. Features that have been there since birth. Parts of the body that
are directly involved with reproduction.
Secondary sexual characteristics - Outward signs of development, start to appear during puberty. Parts of the body that are not directly involved with
reproduction.
Female changes Male changes
Primary sexual characteristics: Primary sexual characteristics:
- Uterus enlarges and vagina grows. - Enlargement of penis and testes.
- Ovaries begin to release eggs. - Testicles begin to produce sperm (beginning of ejaculation).
- Menstrual cycles begins. - Spontaneous erections (blood flow).
Secondary sexual characteristics: Secondary sexual characteristics:
- Breasts develop and areola swells and darkens. - Voice deepens (changes in larynx).
- Hair grows in the armpits and pubic area. - Hair grows in the armpits, pubic area and face.
- Redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen. - Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat.
Girls start puberty between 11 and 13. Boys start later, between 13 and 15.
4
Unit 1: Human Lifespan Development
Human Growth and Development Through the Life Stages
Physical Development Across the Life Stages: 2-6.
Intellectual Development Across the Life Stages: 7-10.
Emotional Development Across the Life Stages: 11-14.
Social Development Across the Life Stages: 15-20.
Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development
The Nature/Nurture Debate Related to Factors: 21-22.
Genetic Factors that Affect Development: 23-26.
Environmental Factors that Affect Development: 27-29.
Social Factors that Affect Development: 30 -33.
Economic Factors that Affect Development: 34-35.
Major Life Events that Affect Development: 36-37.
Effects of Ageing
The Physical Changes of Ageing: 38-45.
The Psychological Changes of Ageing: 46-47.
The Societal Effects of an Ageing Population: 48-50.
1
, Human Growth and Development Through the Life Stages
Life Stages:
● Infancy 0-2.
● Early childhood 3-8.
● Adolescence 9-18.
● Early adulthood 19-45.
● Middle adulthood 46-65.
● Late adulthood 65+.
Physical Development Across the Life Stages
Growth and Development
Growth - Variable across different parts of the body and is measured using height, weight and dimensions. As height increases so does weight - a
process of growth. Increase in quantity.
Can use growth charts to measure a child's growth according to percentiles. Heredity can play a part in a child's growth.
Development - Orders of sequence that humans follow, focuses on attainment of skills and abilities. Changes and progression a person goes through
during their lives. Several types. Most humans experience ‘developmental norms’.
Developmental milestones - Orders of sequence that humans follow, focuses on attainment of skills and abilities. Changes and progression a person goes
through during their lives.
Developmental norms - Average set of expectations for a child's development, each child is unique.
Delayed development - When a baby or child does not show developments within expected time range.
Up to 6 months Up to 12 months Up to 18 months Up to 24 months
● Push up chest with ● Bum shuffles. ● Walk unaided. ● Begins to run and jump.
arms. ● Crawls. ● Move up and down ● Move up and down stairs
● Lift head. ● Grabs object with full stairs with support. without support.
● Roll over. hand. ● First words. ● Able to hold smaller objects
● Sit up without help. ● Babbles incomprehensible ● Feed themselves finger and develop new finger grips.
words. food. ● Begins to potty train.
● Want’s to be independent.
Gross motor skills - Large movements using the large muscles of the body. Control and coordination. Mobility.
Fine motor skills - Small movements that require more precise direction (dexterity) use smaller muscles.
2
, Physical Development in Infancy (0-2)
Infants developmental milestones - Babies are helpless in muscle control and coordination. Unable to make deliberate movements. Motor skills are
developed from birth, many milestones you would expect to see in the first 2 years of an infant's life.
Gross motor skills:
● Infants develop gross motor skills from the head down:
- At 6 months infants gradually control muscles in their neck and back so they can roll, sit and crawl.
- At 11-13 months the muscles in their legs develop so that they can stand, cruise and walk.
- At 2 years infants can climb onto low furniture and propel a sit on toy.
- At 2 and a half years they can kick a ball.
Fine motor skills:
● Hand-eye coordination - When a child is able to use their fingers to pick up small objects and also guide their fingers to take the
piece to another area. Build a brick tower, shape sorter.
● Manipulating - When an infant learns to control the small movements in their fingers. Picking up small objects with fingers.
● Gripping - When infants grasp things with their whole hand. A parent's finger or a rattle. Infants take part in a number of
activities that are designed to help them develop their gross/fine motor skills.
Gross motor skills task - Head, shoulders, knees and toes. If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands.
Fine motor skills task - Make paper dolls.
Age Gross Motor Skill Fine Motor Skills
Newborn Palmar grasp reflex. Hold thumbs tucked into hands.
1 month Lift chin. Open hand to grasp a finger.
3 months Can lift their head and chest when lying on front. Can briefly grasp a rattle.
6 months Sit up for a short time without support. Can pick up dropped toys if they are in sight (raking grasp).
9-10 months Cruise. Uses finger and thumb to hold a small piece (pincer grip).
12-13 months Walk without help. Manipulates and places toys.
18 months Climbs onto furniture. Builds a short tower with blocks.
2 years Propels a sit-on-toy with their feet. Draws lines and circles, turns a page.
2 and a half years Jumps from a low step. Use a spoon and fork.
As people move from infants to early childhood their gross and fine motor skills will continue to develop as they become independent.
3
, Physical Development in Early Childhood (3-8)
In early childhood the gross motor skills a person will perform is more complex. They require more control over the muscles, often involve coordination of
one or more limbs, and can be done quicker and more efficiently. Ability to use the finger and thumb and complete daily tasks such as fastening buttons.
Age Gross motor skill Fine motor skill
3 years Use pedals to ride a tricycle, run, and simple sentences. Use a pencil to copy letters, build a tower with cubes.
4 years Kick and throw a ball, simple sentences. Aim ball.
5 years Hop on each foot. Dress themselves, tie shoelaces and write name.
6 years Skip, ride a bike. Writing consistently on lines.
7 years Skip with a rope, balance on a low beam. Writing most numbers and letters correctly.
8 years Good strength and coordination. Draw detailed pictures, joined up writing.
Physical Development in Adolescence (9-18)
Puberty - Period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce and secondary sexual
characteristics develop. Important status change
Primary sexual characteristics - Changes and developments of reproductive organs. Features that have been there since birth. Parts of the body that
are directly involved with reproduction.
Secondary sexual characteristics - Outward signs of development, start to appear during puberty. Parts of the body that are not directly involved with
reproduction.
Female changes Male changes
Primary sexual characteristics: Primary sexual characteristics:
- Uterus enlarges and vagina grows. - Enlargement of penis and testes.
- Ovaries begin to release eggs. - Testicles begin to produce sperm (beginning of ejaculation).
- Menstrual cycles begins. - Spontaneous erections (blood flow).
Secondary sexual characteristics: Secondary sexual characteristics:
- Breasts develop and areola swells and darkens. - Voice deepens (changes in larynx).
- Hair grows in the armpits and pubic area. - Hair grows in the armpits, pubic area and face.
- Redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen. - Redistribution of muscle tissue and fat.
Girls start puberty between 11 and 13. Boys start later, between 13 and 15.
4
