NURS617 FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025 TEST 100% SOLVED 2025!!

5/3/25, 7:59 AM NURS617 FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXA…




NURS617 FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS (DETAILED
& ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025 TEST 100%
SOLVED 2025!!

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Terms in this set (136)


axial=skull, thorax, vertebral
column (main supporting
axial vs appendicular
structures)
skeleton
appendicular=UEs/LEs, pelvis,
shoulder

long=upper/lower extremities
types of bones: long vs short=ankle/wrist; mostly spongey
short vs irregular vs flat irregular=vertebrae, jaw
flat=skull, ribs, scapula

osteoblasts- Bone Building
cells; secretes alkaline
phosphate to increase serum
calcium & phosphorus


osteoblasts vs osteoclasts osteoclasts- Bone Chewing
cells, phagocytic; releases
calcium + phosphorus from
bone
-high PTH=high calcium
release=high osteoclast

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-a bone cell, formed when an
osteoblast becomes embedded
osteocytes
in the matrix it has secreted
-releases calcium into the blood

bone stem cells; source of all
bone cells EXCEPT FOR
osteoprogenitor cells OSTEOCLASTS
-increase in activation during
puberty, fractures

-calcitonin=lowers serum
calcium & decreases resorptive
function of osteoclasts;
increases bone mass, increased
effects of calcitonin vs renal excretion of calcium &
PTH phosphates
-PTH=increases serum calcium;
increased renal conservation of
calcium , decreased bone mass
over time

-two membranous sites of
endosteum and osteoprogenitor cells
periosteum -endosteum=inner layer
-periosteum= outer layer

-highly vascularized, especially
in regions containing spongy
bone
-blood vessels enter bones
from the periosteum via nutrient
foramen
bone blood supply
-haversian canals=blood vessels
+ nerves supplying osteon
-blood vessels supply nutrients
and oxygen required by cells
and remove waste products
from bone cells
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-in fetus: hematopoiesis
transfers from liver to long
bones
-children: red marrow replaced
by yellow marrow in long
bones; epiphysis separated by
hematopoiesis in children
metaphysis by cartilaginous
vs adults
growth plate, fuses by puberty
-adults: red marrow restricted to
flat bones (pelvis, fibs, sternum)
RED MARROW=RBC
PRODUCTION,
YELLOW=ADIPOSE CELLS

1. Hyaline - most abundant,
slightly flexible; ex=nose, ribs
2. Elastic - most flexible, 2nd
abundant; ex=ears
3. Fibrocartilage - least flexible;
ex=knee, vertebrae
3 types of cartilage
-cartilage=more flexible than
bone d/t increased extracellular
substance that bone
-no blood vessels; diffusion
used for transport unless
calcified by high calcium levels

-produced in liver by PTH &
prolactin; increases absorption
of calcium
production of D3 -hypoparathyroidism=low D3,
high calcium & phosphorus
-hyperparathyroidism=high D3,
low calcium & phosphorus




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-PTH released by parathyroid to
stimulate osteoclasts to release
calcium
what happens when serum -kidneys activate vit D to
calcium is low? increase calcium absorption by
intestines
-kidneys retain calcium &
phosphorus

-PTH inhibited, calcitonin
released from thyroid to
what happens when serum increase renal clearance of ca+
calcium is high? and phosphate
-inhibits osteoclast activity &
inhibits D3 production

sources of vitamin D sunlight, fortified milk, fish, fish liver oils, eggs

Tendons=connect muscle to
bone
tendons vs ligaments vs ligaments=connect bone to
joint bone
joint/articulation=where bone
meets bone

-synarthrosis=absolutely no
movement
-synovial=freely moveable, most
joints in body; have synovial
synarthrosis vs
fluid for lubrication of joint +
synovial/diarthrodial joints
prevent bone degradation.
MOST FREQUENTLY EFFECTED
BY RHEUMATIC DX (EX-
FIBRO,RA)




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