A+ NR546 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
DA
dopamine
-monoamine neurotransmitter
-regulate mood
-associated with executive function, ability to perform well, be organized, emotional
intelligence
-movement and coordination
-to little: lose pleasure, interest, alertness, self-confidence, parkinson's disease
-to much: schizophrenia and psychosis
-reward center: can lead to addiction
-has own pathways
Ach
acetylcholine
-in CNS: affects arousal, motivation, attention, learning, REM sleep, impacts sleep, pain
perception, memory
-in PNS: makes you sweat and salivate
-link between brain and muscles
-not enough: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Schizophrenia
-too much: Depression
-Role in addiction
-Receptors: nicotinic & muscarinic
Histamine (Neurotransmitter)
Histamine impacts alertness, pain sensation, and inflammatory responses; increased
levels result in depression.
Melatonin (neurotransmitter)
Act at MT1-3 G-protein coupled receptors
Sleep/wake cycle
insomnia: melatonin agonists
Psychotropic drug metabolism may be impacted by factors such as:
,-age
-smoking
-caffeine intake
-other medications
-Some drugs or foods may inhibit or induce the rate of drug metabolism.
One-third of psychotropic drugs bind to a ______________, and one-third bind to
___________________.
neurotransmitter, G-protein-linked receptors.
The six main neurotransmitters are:
serotonin (5HT)
norepinephrine (NE)
dopamine (DA)
acetylcholine (Ach)
glutamate (Glu)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Signal transduction cascades can produce:
downstream (delayed) and/or long-lasting effects
-explains why some psychopharmacological drugs do not provide an immediate
response but require time to see the drug effects
Signal transduction cascades
communication from the genome of the presynaptic neuron to the genome of the
postsynaptic neuron, and then back from the genome of the postsynaptic neuron to the
genome of the presynaptic neuron via retrograde neurotransmission
-process involves long strings of chemical messages within both presynaptic and
postsynaptic neurons
-initial events occur in less than a second, but the long-term consequences are
mediated by downstream messengers that take hours to days to activate, yet can last
for many days or even for the lifetime of a synapse or neuron
-somewhat akin to a molecular "pony express"
Signal transduction cascades: Each molecular site within the cascade of
transduction of chemical and electrical messages is a potential location for:
, a malfunction associated with a mental illness
-also a potential target for a psychotropic drug
Retrograde
transcription factor
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.
antipsychotic meds
primarily used for schizophrenia & psychotic disorders
-also used as adjunctive meds for management of tx-resistant depression & other
conditions
-not curative
-decrease/control symptoms/improve quality of life
Schizophrenia
a disturbance that must last for 6 months or longer, including at least one month of
positive symptoms or negative symptoms
-neurodevelopmental, brain disorder
-psychological condition involving chronic or repeated episodes of psychosis
cause: combination of genetics and environmental factors
DX: based on clinical interview
psychosis
set of symptoms in which a person's mental capacity, affective response, and capacity
to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others is impaired
Symptoms of psychosis:
-delusions & hallucinations (Hallmarks)
-disorganized speech
-disorganized behavior
-distortions of reality
-inappropriate or very strong emotions or apathy
-negative symptoms: diminished emotional expression and decreased motivation
area of the brain thought to be responsible for the positive symptoms of
schizophrenia is the ____________. one of the neuronal pathways known to be
affected here is the ___________ from the _____________ and the _____________.
DA
dopamine
-monoamine neurotransmitter
-regulate mood
-associated with executive function, ability to perform well, be organized, emotional
intelligence
-movement and coordination
-to little: lose pleasure, interest, alertness, self-confidence, parkinson's disease
-to much: schizophrenia and psychosis
-reward center: can lead to addiction
-has own pathways
Ach
acetylcholine
-in CNS: affects arousal, motivation, attention, learning, REM sleep, impacts sleep, pain
perception, memory
-in PNS: makes you sweat and salivate
-link between brain and muscles
-not enough: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Schizophrenia
-too much: Depression
-Role in addiction
-Receptors: nicotinic & muscarinic
Histamine (Neurotransmitter)
Histamine impacts alertness, pain sensation, and inflammatory responses; increased
levels result in depression.
Melatonin (neurotransmitter)
Act at MT1-3 G-protein coupled receptors
Sleep/wake cycle
insomnia: melatonin agonists
Psychotropic drug metabolism may be impacted by factors such as:
,-age
-smoking
-caffeine intake
-other medications
-Some drugs or foods may inhibit or induce the rate of drug metabolism.
One-third of psychotropic drugs bind to a ______________, and one-third bind to
___________________.
neurotransmitter, G-protein-linked receptors.
The six main neurotransmitters are:
serotonin (5HT)
norepinephrine (NE)
dopamine (DA)
acetylcholine (Ach)
glutamate (Glu)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Signal transduction cascades can produce:
downstream (delayed) and/or long-lasting effects
-explains why some psychopharmacological drugs do not provide an immediate
response but require time to see the drug effects
Signal transduction cascades
communication from the genome of the presynaptic neuron to the genome of the
postsynaptic neuron, and then back from the genome of the postsynaptic neuron to the
genome of the presynaptic neuron via retrograde neurotransmission
-process involves long strings of chemical messages within both presynaptic and
postsynaptic neurons
-initial events occur in less than a second, but the long-term consequences are
mediated by downstream messengers that take hours to days to activate, yet can last
for many days or even for the lifetime of a synapse or neuron
-somewhat akin to a molecular "pony express"
Signal transduction cascades: Each molecular site within the cascade of
transduction of chemical and electrical messages is a potential location for:
, a malfunction associated with a mental illness
-also a potential target for a psychotropic drug
Retrograde
transcription factor
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.
antipsychotic meds
primarily used for schizophrenia & psychotic disorders
-also used as adjunctive meds for management of tx-resistant depression & other
conditions
-not curative
-decrease/control symptoms/improve quality of life
Schizophrenia
a disturbance that must last for 6 months or longer, including at least one month of
positive symptoms or negative symptoms
-neurodevelopmental, brain disorder
-psychological condition involving chronic or repeated episodes of psychosis
cause: combination of genetics and environmental factors
DX: based on clinical interview
psychosis
set of symptoms in which a person's mental capacity, affective response, and capacity
to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others is impaired
Symptoms of psychosis:
-delusions & hallucinations (Hallmarks)
-disorganized speech
-disorganized behavior
-distortions of reality
-inappropriate or very strong emotions or apathy
-negative symptoms: diminished emotional expression and decreased motivation
area of the brain thought to be responsible for the positive symptoms of
schizophrenia is the ____________. one of the neuronal pathways known to be
affected here is the ___________ from the _____________ and the _____________.
