BIOD 151 Module 3: Problem Set

Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 223 minutes 5 out of 5 Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5 Submitted Aug 12 at 6:45pm This attempt took 223 minutes. 8/17/22, 8:43 PM 2/20 Anatomy of the mouth, pharynx & esophagus 5. What structures respectively form these parts of the mouth? a. Opening b. Floor c. Walls d. Roof 6. List the two bones and the membrane to which the tongue is attached. 7. How many teeth are there in an adult human and what do they do? 8. What are the four types of teeth, how many of each type are there and what does each type do? Question 2 0 / 0 pts 3. Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas Digestive System Overview 1. The human digestive organs can be divided into those of the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive organs. 2. The gastrointestinal tract is composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. 3. The accessory organs are the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. 4. See module –review all figures and diagrams 8/17/22, 8:43 PM 3/20 9. What is the specific function of the salivary gland in the process of digestion? 10. Where are taste buds located? Your Answer: 5. a. Opening = Lips b. Floor = Tongue c. Walls = Cheeks d. Roof = Hard/soft palates 6. The tongue is attached to the hyoid bone and the mandible and the membranous lingual frenulum 7. There are thirty-two teeth in the human mouth. Together they work to tear, crush and grind food to mechanically digest food. 8. The teeth are composed of two chisel-shaped incisors for biting; one pointed canine for tearing; two fairly flat pre-molars for grinding; and three flat molars for crushing 9. Food is mixed and moistened with saliva (from the salivary glands) containing enzymes that begin the process of chemical digestion by breaking down starches. 10. Taste buds are found primarily on the tongue but also on the surface of the mouth and the wall of the pharynx. 8/17/22, 8:43 PM 4/20 11. Describe the function of the tongue in the digestive process. 12. What is a bolus? 13. List the 3 parts of the pharynx. 14. Through what sections of the pharynx does air travel? Through what sections of the pharynx does food travel? Question 3 0 / 0 pts Anatomy of the mouth, pharynx & esophagus 5. What structures respectively form these parts of the mouth? a. Opening = Lips b. Floor = Tongue c. Walls = Cheeks d. Roof = Hard/soft palates 6. The tongue is attached to the hyoid bone and the mandible and the membranous lingual frenulum. 7. There are thirty-two teeth in the human mouth. Together they work to tear, crush and grind food to mechanically digest food. 8. The teeth are composed of two chisel-shaped incisors for biting; one pointed canine for tearing; two fairly flat pre-molars for grinding; and three flat molars for crushing. 9. Food is mixed and moistened with saliva (from the salivary glands) containing enzymes that begin the process of chemical digestion by breaking down starches. 10. Taste buds are found primarily on the tongue but also on the surface of the mouth and the wall of the pharynx. 8/17/22, 8:43 PM 5/20 15. What prevents food from entering the lungs and why is this necessary? 16. Describe how the muscular layers in the pharynx assist with food passage. 17. List and describe the tissue layers of the esophagus. 18. Explain peristalsis. 19. What are the three main divisions of a tooth? 20. What are the three types of papillae on the tongue? Which ones contain taste buds? 21. Review all diagrams and figures in the module, including the teeth, tongue, taste buds, parts of the pharynx and esophagus. Your Answer: 11.The tongue grips the food, constantly repositions it between the teeth and forms it into a compact mass which is pushed back to the pharynx to begin the process of swallowing 12The tongue grips the food, constantly repositions it between the teeth and forms it into a compact mass which is pushed back to the pharynx to begin the process of swallowing 13. the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. 14 Air enters the nose, continues through the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Air then enters the trachea on its way to the lungs. Food and liquid enter the mouth, continue through the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx but then continue into the esophagus. 15. Air enters the nose, continues through the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Air then enters the trachea on its way to the 8/17/22, 8:43 PM 6/20 11. The tongue grips the food, constantly repositions it between the teeth and forms it into a compact mass which is pushed back to the pharynx to begin the process of swallowing. 12. A bolus is the compact mass of food formed by the combination of chewing by the teeth and repositioning by the tongue. 13. The pharynx is made up of three parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. 14. Air enters the nose, continues through the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Air then enters the trachea on its way to the lungs. Food and liquid enter the mouth, continue through the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx but then continue into the esophagus. lungs. Food and liquid enter the mouth, continue through the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx but then continue into the esophagus. 16. The pharynx has two types of skeletal muscles; a circumferential outer layer and an inner longitudinal layer which contract alternatively squeezing food into the esophagus 17. The esophagus contains 4 layers of tissue: the innermost layer is the mucosa which secretes mucus into the interior the gastrointestinal tract, the second layer is the submucosa which contains blood and lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, and mucous glands, the third layer is the muscularis externa which is made of two layers of muscle: the outer longitudinal fibers and inner circumferential fibers and the outermost layer is the serosa which is made up of cells that make serous fluid 18. Peristalsis is the squeezing of food through the GI tract by the alternating contraction of the sets of longitudinal and circumferential muscles. 19. Each tooth is made of three main parts: the crown, the neck and the root 20. There are three types of papillae which help to grip food on the tongue: circumvallate, fungiform and filiform. Circumvallate and fungiform papillae both contain taste buds. 8/17/22, 8:43 PM 7/20 Anatomy of the stomach, intestines and accessory organs 22. Describe the shape of the stomach and its location relative to the abdomen and diaphragm. Question 4 0 / 0 pts 15. Food is prevented from entering the larynx by the epiglottis, a flap of elastic cartilage which covers the larynx when swallowing food or liquid. 16. The pharynx has two types of skeletal muscles; a circumferential outer layer and an inner longitudinal layer which contract alternatively squeezing food into the esophagus. 17. The esophagus contains 4 layers of tissue: the innermost layer is the mucosa which secretes mucus into the interior the gastrointestinal tract, the second layer is the submucosa which contains blood and lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, and mucous glands, the third layer is the muscularis externa which is made of two layers of muscle: the outer longitudinal fibers and inner circumferential fibers and the outermost layer is the serosa which is made up of cells that make serous fluid. 18. Peristalsis is the squeezing of food through the GI tract by the alternating contraction of the sets of longitudinal and circumferential muscles. 19. Each tooth is made of three main parts: the crown, the neck and the root 20. There are three types of papillae which help to grip food on the tongue: circumvallate, fungiform and filiform. Circumvallate and fungiform papillae both contain taste buds. 21. See module –review all figures and diagrams 8/17/22, 8:43 PM 8/20 23. Describe the passage of food into and out of the stomach. 24. Describe the lesser curvature and the greater curvature. 25. Describe the lesser omentum and the greater omentum. 26. List and describe the two functions of the stomach. 27. The pH of stomach is 1.3 - 3.5. What is this due to and what is its source and function? 28. What is the source of the stomach enzyme pepsin and what is its function? 29. What is a stomach ulcer? 30. Explain in detail how the stomach contents enter the small intestine. Your Answer: 22. The stomach is a backward C shaped organ that is located along the left side of the abdomen below the diaphragm. 23. Food enters the stomach from the esophagus via the cardioesophageal sphincter and exits the stomach via the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine 24. The stomach has two curvatures: the concave lesser curvature which extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach and the convex greater curvature which extends outward on the longer side of the stomach. 25. The lesser omentum is a serous membrane which attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and the greater omentum is a serous membrane which attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall of the body 26. The stomach has two purposes. It is a temporary storage area for food, storing up to two liters of partially digested food. The muscular walls of the stomach contract vigorously and mix food with juices that are secreted