HOSA Pathophysiology Exam 2025
Questions and Answers
Syndrome - ✔✔a concurrence of symptoms that appear in a disease state or morbid
process
Disease - ✔✔absence of balance of the homeostatic state that normally exists in the body
Hypertrophy - ✔✔increased size of cell or organ unrelated to tumor
Atrophy - ✔✔wasting of tissues, organ or the entire body
Dysplasia - ✔✔tissue with cells of varying size and shape
Hyperplasia - ✔✔increase number of cells
Metaplasia - ✔✔one mature cell replaced by different mature cell
Lesion - ✔✔circumscribed (definite area) pathologic change in the tissues
Ischemia - ✔✔local anemia due to mechanical obstruction of vessel
Infarction - ✔✔area of necrosis (dead tissue) resulting from local arrest or sudden
insufficiency of arterial or venous blood.
Inflammation - ✔✔fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of
cytologic and histologic reactions that occur in tissues and blood vessels
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,Malignant - ✔✔resistant to treatment, occurring in severe form and frequently fatal
Systemic - ✔✔relates to entire organism as distinguished from any of its individual
parts/ wide spread symptoms and destruction
Etiology - ✔✔cause of disease and all factors associated with causes that lead to the
development of disease
Infectious disease - ✔✔bacterial or viral agent "passed" from person-to-person
Heredity - ✔✔transmitted from parent to offspring
Mutation - ✔✔change in genes (DNA)
Developmental - ✔✔mistake made as body develops
Environmental - ✔✔exposure to substance in environment
Stress - ✔✔body's reactions to stimuli that disturb homeostasis
Agenesis - ✔✔failure of a part to form properly
Degenerative - ✔✔retrogressive pathological change in cells or tissues - deterioration in
function
Iatrogenic - ✔✔results from treatment of disease
Neoplastic - ✔✔new growth of tissue through cellular proliferation
Trauma - ✔✔injury caused by rough contact with a physical object
Endemic - ✔✔refers to disease that is prevalent continually in a geographic location
Pandemic - ✔✔disease that affects the population of an extensive region, larger than
epidemic
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,Pathogenesis - ✔✔Development of a disease encompassing progress of disease and
symptoms; as disease progresses, changes occur in organism which are due to the
disease process
Self-contained - ✔✔keeps to one area and then clears up (rash)
Continual - ✔✔symptoms and exacerbations are frequent
Manifestations - ✔✔Display or disclosure of characteristics signs or symptoms of an
illness; allow diagnosis to occur
Signs - ✔✔objective things like fever; observed by someone other than patient;
measurable
Symptoms - ✔✔notable; subjective; felt by patient but cannot be noted by observer
Presentation - ✔✔what shows on the patient when ill with particular disease
Diagnosis - ✔✔Determining the nature of disease,Giving it a name
Prognosis - ✔✔Forecast of the outcome of a disease; foretelling the course of a disease
which follows a probable pattern
Remission - ✔✔lessening of severity of symptoms
Exacerbation - ✔✔increase in severity of symptom
Relapse - ✔✔return of the disease after it has spent its signs or symptoms
Complication - ✔✔event occurring during a disease which is not an essential part o the
disease although it may result from it or from independent causes
Sequela - ✔✔potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition
Pathology - ✔✔the scientific study of disease; objective description of traits, causes, and
effects of abnormal conditions
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, homeostasis - ✔✔a state of equilibrium within the body; internal stability
syndrome - ✔✔a defined collection of signs & symptoms that characterize a disease or
disorder
acute - ✔✔an abrupt onset of symptoms that run a brief course (less than 6 months) that
resolve in recovery or death
chronic - ✔✔when a disease develops slowly, or is intermittent, and lasts longer than 6
months
Predisposing Factors - ✔✔aka-risk factors; make a person/group more vulnerable to
disease; include age, gender, lifestyle, environment and heredity
Acute Inflammation - ✔✔a normal protective physiologic response to tissue injury &
disease, is accompanied by redness, swelling, pain, & loss of function
Widespread Inflammation - ✔✔marked by systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise,
and loss of appetite; elevated wbc's
elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ✔✔ESR
C-reactive protein (CRP) - ✔✔a blood test marker used to detect inflammatory
disorders, among other pathologies
ischemia - ✔✔holding back/obstructing the flow of blood
exudative response/inflammation exudate - ✔✔attempts to wall off, or destroy, and
digest bacteria and dead/foreign material; this in tissues causes swelling and the excess
fluid
puts pressure on tissue and nerve endings, causing pain.
phagocytic - ✔✔the process in which cells surround and digest certain particles
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Questions and Answers
Syndrome - ✔✔a concurrence of symptoms that appear in a disease state or morbid
process
Disease - ✔✔absence of balance of the homeostatic state that normally exists in the body
Hypertrophy - ✔✔increased size of cell or organ unrelated to tumor
Atrophy - ✔✔wasting of tissues, organ or the entire body
Dysplasia - ✔✔tissue with cells of varying size and shape
Hyperplasia - ✔✔increase number of cells
Metaplasia - ✔✔one mature cell replaced by different mature cell
Lesion - ✔✔circumscribed (definite area) pathologic change in the tissues
Ischemia - ✔✔local anemia due to mechanical obstruction of vessel
Infarction - ✔✔area of necrosis (dead tissue) resulting from local arrest or sudden
insufficiency of arterial or venous blood.
Inflammation - ✔✔fundamental pathologic process consisting of a dynamic complex of
cytologic and histologic reactions that occur in tissues and blood vessels
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Malignant - ✔✔resistant to treatment, occurring in severe form and frequently fatal
Systemic - ✔✔relates to entire organism as distinguished from any of its individual
parts/ wide spread symptoms and destruction
Etiology - ✔✔cause of disease and all factors associated with causes that lead to the
development of disease
Infectious disease - ✔✔bacterial or viral agent "passed" from person-to-person
Heredity - ✔✔transmitted from parent to offspring
Mutation - ✔✔change in genes (DNA)
Developmental - ✔✔mistake made as body develops
Environmental - ✔✔exposure to substance in environment
Stress - ✔✔body's reactions to stimuli that disturb homeostasis
Agenesis - ✔✔failure of a part to form properly
Degenerative - ✔✔retrogressive pathological change in cells or tissues - deterioration in
function
Iatrogenic - ✔✔results from treatment of disease
Neoplastic - ✔✔new growth of tissue through cellular proliferation
Trauma - ✔✔injury caused by rough contact with a physical object
Endemic - ✔✔refers to disease that is prevalent continually in a geographic location
Pandemic - ✔✔disease that affects the population of an extensive region, larger than
epidemic
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Pathogenesis - ✔✔Development of a disease encompassing progress of disease and
symptoms; as disease progresses, changes occur in organism which are due to the
disease process
Self-contained - ✔✔keeps to one area and then clears up (rash)
Continual - ✔✔symptoms and exacerbations are frequent
Manifestations - ✔✔Display or disclosure of characteristics signs or symptoms of an
illness; allow diagnosis to occur
Signs - ✔✔objective things like fever; observed by someone other than patient;
measurable
Symptoms - ✔✔notable; subjective; felt by patient but cannot be noted by observer
Presentation - ✔✔what shows on the patient when ill with particular disease
Diagnosis - ✔✔Determining the nature of disease,Giving it a name
Prognosis - ✔✔Forecast of the outcome of a disease; foretelling the course of a disease
which follows a probable pattern
Remission - ✔✔lessening of severity of symptoms
Exacerbation - ✔✔increase in severity of symptom
Relapse - ✔✔return of the disease after it has spent its signs or symptoms
Complication - ✔✔event occurring during a disease which is not an essential part o the
disease although it may result from it or from independent causes
Sequela - ✔✔potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition
Pathology - ✔✔the scientific study of disease; objective description of traits, causes, and
effects of abnormal conditions
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, homeostasis - ✔✔a state of equilibrium within the body; internal stability
syndrome - ✔✔a defined collection of signs & symptoms that characterize a disease or
disorder
acute - ✔✔an abrupt onset of symptoms that run a brief course (less than 6 months) that
resolve in recovery or death
chronic - ✔✔when a disease develops slowly, or is intermittent, and lasts longer than 6
months
Predisposing Factors - ✔✔aka-risk factors; make a person/group more vulnerable to
disease; include age, gender, lifestyle, environment and heredity
Acute Inflammation - ✔✔a normal protective physiologic response to tissue injury &
disease, is accompanied by redness, swelling, pain, & loss of function
Widespread Inflammation - ✔✔marked by systemic symptoms, such as fever, malaise,
and loss of appetite; elevated wbc's
elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ✔✔ESR
C-reactive protein (CRP) - ✔✔a blood test marker used to detect inflammatory
disorders, among other pathologies
ischemia - ✔✔holding back/obstructing the flow of blood
exudative response/inflammation exudate - ✔✔attempts to wall off, or destroy, and
digest bacteria and dead/foreign material; this in tissues causes swelling and the excess
fluid
puts pressure on tissue and nerve endings, causing pain.
phagocytic - ✔✔the process in which cells surround and digest certain particles
COPYRIGHT © 2025 BY OLIVIA WEST, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
