Biol 227 Exam 5

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Biol 227 Exam 5

Pulmonary circuit - Correct Ans-- Right side of heart; carries blood to the lungs for gas
exchange and returns it to the heart
- leaves through pulmonary trunk, artery
- comes through pulmonary veins
- goes into left atrium

Systemic circuit - Correct Ans-- left side of heart; supplies oxygenated blood to all
tissues of the body and returns it to the heart
- more blood vessels
- Enter Right atrium
- inferior and superior Vena cava

Left side of heart - Correct Ans--Fully oxygenated blood arrives from lungs via
pulmonary veins
-Blood sent to all organs of the body via aorta

Right side of heart - Correct Ans--Oxygen-poor blood arrives from inferior and superior
venae cavae
-Blood sent to lungs via pulmonary trunk (arteries)

Base of heart - Correct Ans-Wide, superior portion of heart, large vessels attack here

apex of the heart - Correct Ans-Tapered inferior end, tilts to the left

Pericardium - Correct Ans--Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
- allows heart to beat without friction, provides room to expand, yet resists excessive
expansion
- anchored to diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly
- same as epicardium and visceral pericardium
- most deep

Parietal pericardium - Correct Ans-- Pericardial sac
- superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue
- deep, thin serous layer

Visceral pericardium (epicardium) - Correct Ans-- serous membrane that directly covers
the heart
- adipose in thick layer in some places
- coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

Pericardial cavity - Correct Ans-Space inside the pericardial sac filled with 5 to 30 ml ot
pericardial fluid

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Pericarditis - Correct Ans-inflammation of the pericardium

Levels of the pericardium (superficial to deep) - Correct Ans-- Pericardial sac
- fibrous layer
- serous layer
- pericardial cavity
- epicardium

Myocardium - Correct Ans-- Layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load
-muscle spirals around heart which produces wringing motion
*does all the work
*contract and put pressure on blood flow
*high to low pressure

Endocardium - Correct Ans-- Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels
* slick internal lining allows for blood to flow easy
- covers the valves surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
* simple squamos epithelium
* expose to external environment through blood
* like epithelium

Fibrous skeleton of the heart - Correct Ans-- Framework of collagenous and elastic
fibers
*prevents heart from over-expanding
- provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for value
tissue
- electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination
of contractile activity
* isolates electrical signals

Levels of the heart wall (superficial to deep) - Correct Ans-Epicardium, myocardium,
endocardium

Right and left atria - Correct Ans-- Two superior chambers
* same size as ventricles volumetrically
* not a lot of myocardium
* can expand very much
- receive blood returning to heart
* the only place they have to apply pressure to ventricle valves
* No blood= collapsed
- Auricles (seen on surface) enlarge chamber

Right and left ventricles - Correct Ans-- Two inferior chambers
- pump blood into arteries
* ton of myocardium; left has 3x as right

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* apply pressure to blood

Atrioventricular sulcus - Correct Ans-Separates atria and ventricles
externally/superficially

Interventricular sulcus - Correct Ans-Separates the two ventricles externally and
overlies the interventricular septum that divides the right ventricle from the left ventricle
internally
* inter-ventricular septum: between right and left side of heart
- sulk contain coronary arteries
* lots of adipose tissue filling in sulcus
* adipose tissue provides energy source and provide cushion

interatrial septum and interventricular septum - Correct Ans-The atria are separated
from each other by a wall called the _____________ and the ventricles are separated
by an _____________

Pectinate muscles - Correct Ans-Internal ridges of myocardium in right and left atrium

Trabeculae Carnae - Correct Ans-- Internal ridges in both ventricles
- may prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction

Papillary muscles - Correct Ans-Music organization on the internal walls of the
ventricles that are associated with the atrioventricular values
*always associated with valves between atrium and ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV) valves - Correct Ans--Control blood flow between atria and
ventricles
- right AV value: tricuspid valve
- left AV valve: bicuspid value (mitral valve)
- Chordae tendineae: cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles
* attach cusps of value to capillary muscle
- Prevent AV valves from flipping or bulging into atria when ventricles contract
- each papillary muscle has 2-3 attachments to heart floor to distribute physical stress,
coordinate timing of electrical conduction, and provide redundancy

Semilunar valves - Correct Ans--Control flow into great arteries; open and close
because blood flow and pressure
- pulmonary semilunar value: in opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
-aortic semilunar value: in opening between left ventricle and aorta
* not putting pressure on SL valves
* Prevent blood from flowing back
* blood vessels exit from base; against gravity




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