Pharmacology Final Exam Test Bank
Questions and Answers
1. Pharmacology: the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb,
distribute etc)
2. what is a drug: any chemical that changes the processes of
living
3. Drug Nomenclature: Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol
(development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and
remember) *only 1 gener- ic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
4. Drug Resources: 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
,2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
5. What is a receptor? 5 components: 1. some component on or
inside a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both
autonomic gan- glion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that
only recognizes on area)
6. Types of Receptors: 1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
7. Why have receptors on the cell surface?: Majority of
hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through
diffusion, so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get
into the cell.
,They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so
they need recep- tors to bring them into the cell.
8. Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors.: 1. Receptors are
linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening
surface and
of ion channels when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor
on
causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell.
*Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
9. Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps: 1. hormone binds to the specific
receptor (1st messen- ger) *The receptor must be COUPLED to
the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
, 3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the
membrane until it encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the
target cell.
10. Second messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps: 1. hormone
binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme
phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG
and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 --
>16
11. Intracellular Receptors (2)
Questions and Answers
1. Pharmacology: the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb,
distribute etc)
2. what is a drug: any chemical that changes the processes of
living
3. Drug Nomenclature: Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol
(development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and
remember) *only 1 gener- ic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
4. Drug Resources: 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
,2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
5. What is a receptor? 5 components: 1. some component on or
inside a cell that substances can bind
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both
autonomic gan- glion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that
only recognizes on area)
6. Types of Receptors: 1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
7. Why have receptors on the cell surface?: Majority of
hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through
diffusion, so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get
into the cell.
,They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so
they need recep- tors to bring them into the cell.
8. Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors.: 1. Receptors are
linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening
surface and
of ion channels when it binds)
2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor
on
causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell.
*Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
9. Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps: 1. hormone binds to the specific
receptor (1st messen- ger) *The receptor must be COUPLED to
the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
, 3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the
membrane until it encounters an enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the
target cell.
10. Second messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps: 1. hormone
binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme
phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG
and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 --
>16
11. Intracellular Receptors (2)
