CC2- FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
risk factors for diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅family hx
obesity
HTN
smoking
hx of gestational diabetes
race/ethnicity
age of 45 y.o or more
HDL < 35
LDL > 250
type 1 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅destruction of beta cells = *no insulin production*
onset is @ a young age
genetic predisposition
DKA can occur. (metabolic acidosis may occur)
glycosuria can be present
type 2 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅insulin resistance (decreases sensitivity to insulin)
onset is later in life
"insulin dependent"
obesity, diet, lifestyle, smoking, HTN
HHS can occur
3 P's - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅happens with hyperglycemia
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
,hypoglycemia S+S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅(less than 70)
sweaty
lightheadedness
shaky/weak
hungry
headache
confusion
hyperglycemia S+S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅(more than 120)
3 P's (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
slow healing process
blurred vision
tiredness
leg cramps
microvascular complications associated w/ diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅nephropathy,
neuropathy, and retinopathy
diabetic nephropathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅experienced more by Type 2 pts.
high levels of BS overwhelm the kidneys, protein (ex. albumin) leaks into the urine, pressure in the
vessels of kidneys increase.
management: control HTN, prevent UTIs, avoid contrast dyes/toxic medications, low sodium low protein
diet.
peripheral diabetic neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅affects distal portions of nerves, especially
in lower extremities.
,S+S: parasthesia, burning sensation, pain in lower extremities, feet become numb, decreased sensation
to touch, decrease in deep tendon reflexes
management: control of BBG, pain management (gabapentin)
diabetic retinopathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅changes in small blood vessels in the retina (macular
edema... eventually vision loss occurs)
recommend frequent eye exams
3 macrovascular complications associated w/ diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅coronary artery
disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
DKA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅most common in type 1 DM
onset is rapid
glucose level > 250
arterial pH < 7.3 (metabolic acidosis occurs)
positive for urine ketones
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
skin is hot and dry
hypotension
tachycardia
kussmauls breathing
fruity breath
treatment of DKA + HHS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅insulin IV (make sure to monitor K levels along
with giving insulin... it can cause potassium to bottom out)
rehydration (NS given IV)
, treat acidosis (if in DKA)
HHS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅most common in type 2 DM
slow onset... days to weeks.
glucose level > 600
arterial pH is normal
absent for urine ketones
severely dehydrated
profound hypotension
poor skin turgor
diabetic foot care - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅inspect feet every day!!
wash feet every day but do not soak them.
keep skin smooth and soft
trim toenails each week
wear shoes and socks at all time
avoid extreme hot and cold temps.
keep the blood flowing to feet (compression socks)
if exercising, try to use pavement and not grass/woods.
nutritional therapy for diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅weight loss is key.
lower caloric intake (500-1000 calories are deducted from normal intake to lose 1-2 lbs per week)
50-60% carbs (whole grains)
20-30% fat (non-saturated)
10-20% protein (legumes, whole grains)
eat a 15g carb. snack before beginning exercise
risk factors for diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅family hx
obesity
HTN
smoking
hx of gestational diabetes
race/ethnicity
age of 45 y.o or more
HDL < 35
LDL > 250
type 1 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅destruction of beta cells = *no insulin production*
onset is @ a young age
genetic predisposition
DKA can occur. (metabolic acidosis may occur)
glycosuria can be present
type 2 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅insulin resistance (decreases sensitivity to insulin)
onset is later in life
"insulin dependent"
obesity, diet, lifestyle, smoking, HTN
HHS can occur
3 P's - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅happens with hyperglycemia
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
,hypoglycemia S+S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅(less than 70)
sweaty
lightheadedness
shaky/weak
hungry
headache
confusion
hyperglycemia S+S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅(more than 120)
3 P's (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
slow healing process
blurred vision
tiredness
leg cramps
microvascular complications associated w/ diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅nephropathy,
neuropathy, and retinopathy
diabetic nephropathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅experienced more by Type 2 pts.
high levels of BS overwhelm the kidneys, protein (ex. albumin) leaks into the urine, pressure in the
vessels of kidneys increase.
management: control HTN, prevent UTIs, avoid contrast dyes/toxic medications, low sodium low protein
diet.
peripheral diabetic neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅affects distal portions of nerves, especially
in lower extremities.
,S+S: parasthesia, burning sensation, pain in lower extremities, feet become numb, decreased sensation
to touch, decrease in deep tendon reflexes
management: control of BBG, pain management (gabapentin)
diabetic retinopathy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅changes in small blood vessels in the retina (macular
edema... eventually vision loss occurs)
recommend frequent eye exams
3 macrovascular complications associated w/ diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅coronary artery
disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
DKA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅most common in type 1 DM
onset is rapid
glucose level > 250
arterial pH < 7.3 (metabolic acidosis occurs)
positive for urine ketones
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
skin is hot and dry
hypotension
tachycardia
kussmauls breathing
fruity breath
treatment of DKA + HHS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅insulin IV (make sure to monitor K levels along
with giving insulin... it can cause potassium to bottom out)
rehydration (NS given IV)
, treat acidosis (if in DKA)
HHS - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅most common in type 2 DM
slow onset... days to weeks.
glucose level > 600
arterial pH is normal
absent for urine ketones
severely dehydrated
profound hypotension
poor skin turgor
diabetic foot care - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅inspect feet every day!!
wash feet every day but do not soak them.
keep skin smooth and soft
trim toenails each week
wear shoes and socks at all time
avoid extreme hot and cold temps.
keep the blood flowing to feet (compression socks)
if exercising, try to use pavement and not grass/woods.
nutritional therapy for diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅weight loss is key.
lower caloric intake (500-1000 calories are deducted from normal intake to lose 1-2 lbs per week)
50-60% carbs (whole grains)
20-30% fat (non-saturated)
10-20% protein (legumes, whole grains)
eat a 15g carb. snack before beginning exercise
